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International Journal of Systematic and... Feb 2024A novel species of the genus was isolated from an ocular swab from a cow with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested this species...
A novel species of the genus was isolated from an ocular swab from a cow with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested this species was (99.59 % nucleotide identity). Average nucleotide identity was calculated using a draft whole genome sequence of this strain compared with type strains of closely related species and results established that it represents a new species. The genome size was 2 006 474 nucleotides and the G+C content was 42.51 mol%. The species could not be identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry using a commercial database, confirming the novelty of the strain. We propose the name sp. nov. for this new species. The type strain is Tifton1 and has been deposited into the American Type Culture Collection (TSD-373) and the National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC), UK Health Security Agency (NCTC 14942).
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Moraxella; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious; Phylogeny; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Bacterial; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Fatty Acids; Keratoconjunctivitis; Moraxellaceae Infections; Nucleotides
PubMed: 38415687
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006281 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jan 2024Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is associated with 2 species of and . A third novel spp., designated tentatively as , has been identified from the eyes of...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is associated with 2 species of and . A third novel spp., designated tentatively as , has been identified from the eyes of cattle with and without pinkeye. These 3 spp. can be found in various combinations within the same clinical sample, making speciation of this genus directly from a sample impossible with Sanger sequencing. Assessing diversity found in IBK- and non-IBK-affected cattle eyes, independent of culture, may provide additional information about IBK by avoiding the selectivity bias of culturing. We developed a targeted NGS panel to detect and speciate these 3 spp. directly from bovine ocular swabs. Our targeted panel amplifies bacterial essential genes and the 16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer region (ITS) of the 3 spp. and speciates based on these sequences. Our panel was able to differentiate the 3 species directly from DNA extracted from 13 swabs (6 from healthy animals, 7 from animals with IBK), and every swab except one (clinically healthy eye) had the 3 spp. Targeted NGS with sequencing of spp. housekeeping genes appears to be a suitable method for speciation of directly from ocular swabs.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Moraxella; Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious; Mycoplasma Infections; Moraxellaceae Infections; Cattle Diseases; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
PubMed: 38018659
DOI: 10.1177/10406387231216698 -
F1000Research 2015Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common corneal disease of calves that adversely affects animal welfare by causing pain and weight loss. Identifying...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common corneal disease of calves that adversely affects animal welfare by causing pain and weight loss. Identifying behavioral indicators of pain and sickness in calves with IBK is necessary for designing studies that aim to identify effective means of pain mitigation. Consistent with principles of the 3Rs for animal use in research, data from a randomized blinded challenge study was used to identify and describe variation of behaviors that could serve as reliable indicators of pain and sickness in calves with corneal injuries. Behavioral observations were collected from 29 Holstein calves 8 to 12 weeks of age randomly allocated to one of three treatments: (1) corneal scarification only, (2) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovoculi and (3) corneal scarification with inoculation with Moraxella bovis. Behavior was continuously observed between time 1230 - 1730 h on day -1 (baseline time period) and day 0 (scarification time period). Corneal scarification and inoculation occurred between 0800 - 1000 h on day 0. Frequency of head-directed behaviors (head shaking, head rubbing, head scratching) and durations of head rubbing, feeding, standing with head lifted, lying with head lifted and sleeping were compared between study days and groups. Following scarification, the frequency of head-directed behavior significantly increased (p = 0.0001), as did duration of head rubbing (p=0.02). There was no significant effect of trial, trial day, treatment or treatment-day interaction on other behaviors studied. Our study demonstrated that head-directed behavior, such as head shaking, rubbing and scratching, was associated with scarification of eyes using an IBK challenge model, but sickness behavior was not observed.
PubMed: 26949517
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6649.1 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Nov 2014Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as pinkeye, is the most costly eye disease of cattle. The principal etiologic agent of IBK is the Gram-negative...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), also known as pinkeye, is the most costly eye disease of cattle. The principal etiologic agent of IBK is the Gram-negative bacterium Moraxella bovis. However, there have been reports of IBK outbreaks associated with Moraxella bovoculi. A retrospective study of IBK diagnostic cases submitted from July 1, 2010 through October 31, 2013 was conducted. Included in the study were 1,042 Moraxella isolates from 1,538 swabs of lacrimal secretions collected from 282 herds from 30 U.S. states. Moraxella isolates were identified to the species level and were composed of M. bovoculi (701 isolates), M. bovis (295 isolates), Moraxella ovis (5 isolates), and other Moraxella spp. (41). Minimum inhibitory concentrations required for 90% growth inhibition (MIC90) was calculated for representative isolates. The MIC90 values for both M. bovis and M. bovoculi were as follows: ampicillin and ceftiofur: ≤0.25 µg/ml; clindamycin: 2 µg/ml; danofloxacin and enrofloxacin: ≤0.12 µg/ml; florfenicol: 0.5 µg/ml; gentamicin: 1 µg/ml; neomycin: 4 µg/ml; tulathromycin: 2 µg/ml; and tylosin: 8 µg/ml. The MIC90 values for M. bovoculi included the following: chlortetracycline: ≤0.5 µg/ml; oxytetracycline: 4 µg/ml; penicillin: 0.25 µg/ml; spectinomycin: 32 µg/ml; sulfadimethoxine: >256 µg/ml; tiamulin: 1 µg/ml; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: 4 µg/ml. For M. bovis, MIC90 values included the following: chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline: 1 µg/ml; penicillin: ≤0.12 µg/ml; spectinomycin: 16 µg/ml; sulfadimethoxine: ≤256 µg/ml; tiamulin: ≤0.5 µg/ml; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: ≤2 µg/ml. The current work describes the frequency of isolation and differences in antimicrobial sensitivity observed among Moraxella isolates from case submissions.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious; Moraxella; Moraxellaceae Infections; Nebraska; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 25261461
DOI: 10.1177/1040638714551403 -
Journal of Medical Entomology Nov 2023House flies (Musca domestica Linnaeus) are vectors of human and animal pathogens at livestock operations. Microbial communities in flies are acquired from, and correlate...
House flies (Musca domestica Linnaeus) are vectors of human and animal pathogens at livestock operations. Microbial communities in flies are acquired from, and correlate with, their local environment. However, variation among microbial communities carried by flies from farms in different geographical areas is not well understood. We characterized bacterial communities of female house flies collected from beef and dairy farms in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and PCR. Bacterial community composition in house flies was affected by farm type and location. While the shared number of taxa between flies from beef or dairy farms was low, those taxa accounted >97% of the total bacterial community abundance. Bacterial species richness was 4% greater in flies collected from beef than in those collected from dairy farms and varied by farm type within states. Several potential pathogenic taxa were highly prevalent, comprising a core bacterial community in house flies from cattle farms. Prevalence of the pathogens Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi was greater in flies from beef farms relative to those collected on dairy cattle farms. House flies also carried bacteria with multiple tetracycline and florfenicol resistance genes. This study suggests that the house flies are significant reservoirs and disseminators of microbial threats to human and cattle health.
Topics: Humans; Cattle; Female; Animals; Diptera; Muscidae; Houseflies; Farms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Prevalence; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial
PubMed: 37612042
DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad112 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Dec 2016OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in systemic and ocular antibody responses of steers following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Systemic and ocular immune responses in cattle following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in systemic and ocular antibody responses of steers following intranasal vaccination with precipitated or partially solubilized recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin (MbxA). ANIMALS 13 Angus steers with ages ranging from 318 to 389 days and weights ranging from 352 to 437 kg. PROCEDURES Steers were assigned to receive 500 μg of a precipitated (MbxA-P; n = 5) or partially solubilized (MbxA-S; 5) recombinant MbxA subunit adjuvanted with polyacrylic acid. A control group (n = 3) received the adjuvant alone. Each steer received the assigned treatment (1 mL/nostril) on days 0 and 28. Serum and tear samples were collected on days 0 (before vaccination), 14, 28, 42, and 55. Changes in MbxA-neutralizing antibody titers and MbxA-specific IgG concentrations in serum and tears and changes in MbxA-specific IgA concentrations in tears were measured. RESULTS Mean fold changes in MbxA-specific IgG concentration in serum and tears and MbxA-neutralizing antibody titer in tears for the MbxA-P group were significantly greater than those for the MbxA-S and control groups. Mean serum MbxA-neutralizing antibody titer did not differ among the 3 groups. Although the mean fold change in tear MbxA-specific IgA concentration differed significantly among the groups in the overall analysis, post hoc comparisons failed to identify any significant pairwise differences. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Systemic and ocular immune responses induced by intranasal administration of the MbxA-P vaccine were superior to those induced by the MbxA-S vaccine. Additional research is necessary to determine whether the MbxA-P vaccine can prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.
Topics: Acrylic Resins; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious; Moraxella bovis; Vaccination; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 27901388
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1411 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jul 2023Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly known as pinkeye, has a marked negative impact on the economy of the cattle industry. Moraxella species, including...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), commonly known as pinkeye, has a marked negative impact on the economy of the cattle industry. Moraxella species, including Mor. bovis and Mor. bovoculi, which have been associated with this disease, colonize clinically healthy eyes as well, suggesting that there are intrinsic changes that may occur to the ocular microbiota or the involvement of additional unrecognized organisms that contribute to IBK. To evaluate this, 104 ocular swabs collected from eyes with IBK or clinically healthy eyes from 16 different cattle herds were subjected to 16 S rRNA gene PCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Organisms detected were similar across the herds and there was no difference in the total number of bacterial groups detected among IBK cases and controls. However, the percentages of the different organisms detected varied between the two groups, including Moraxella spp., with more Moraxella spp. in eyes with IBK than controls. Further, using culture and whole genome NGS, a new species of Moraxella (suggested name Mor. oculobovii) was detected from the eyes of cattle from two farms. This strain is non-hemolytic on blood agar, is missing the RTX operon, and is likely a non-pathogenic strain of the bovine ocular microbiome. Alteration of the ocular microbiota composition may have a predisposing role, enhancing bacterial infection and the occurrence of clinical IBK. Future studies are required to evaluate if these changes are permanent or if there is a shift in the microbiome following recovery from the infection and how antibiotics might affect the microbiome.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Keratoconjunctivitis, Infectious; Keratoconjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Moraxella; Mycoplasma Infections; Moraxellaceae Infections; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37104939
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109752 -
Biological Trace Element Research May 2016Copper (Cu) deficiency increases occurrence of certain infectious diseases in animals, including infectious keratoconjunctivitis in bovines, a bacterial ocular...
Superoxide Dismutase Activity, Hydrogen Peroxide Steady-State Concentration, and Bactericidal and Phagocytic Activities Against Moraxella bovis, in Neutrophils Isolated from Copper-Deficient Bovines.
Copper (Cu) deficiency increases occurrence of certain infectious diseases in animals, including infectious keratoconjunctivitis in bovines, a bacterial ocular inflammation caused by Moraxella bovis. Neutrophil leukocytes constitute the first phagocytic cells to arrive at infection sites for bacterial neutralization. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether the functionality of neutrophils against M. bovis is impaired in experimentally induced Cu deficiency in bovines using high molybdenum and sulfur levels in the diet. The Cu tissue values and the periocular achromotrichia observed in +Mo animals showed that the clinic phase of Cu deficiency was reached in this group. Instead, +Cu animals have not evidenced clinical signs or biochemical parameters of hypocuprosis. On the basis of our observations, we concluded that Cu deficiency has no effect on phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophils against M. bovis. However, superoxide dismutase activity and peroxide hydrogen generation were significantly different between groups. Therefore, additional research to explain these results is merited to fully characterize the consequences of Cu status on the risk for infections under field conditions.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cell Survival; Copper; Enzyme Activation; Hydrogen Peroxide; Moraxella bovis; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 26400649
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0505-2 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Jan 2015Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) has significant economic consequences and a detrimental impact on animal welfare. Although Moraxella (Mor.) bovis is the...
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) has significant economic consequences and a detrimental impact on animal welfare. Although Moraxella (Mor.) bovis is the primary causative agent, the role of other bacteria, such as Mor. ovis, Mor. bovoculi and Mycoplasma (Myc.) bovoculi, is not well understood. To assess the prevalence of infection with these organisms, and to correlate this with outbreaks of IBK, conjunctival samples from four herds of cattle in Germany of differing IBK status were examined. Herds were selected to represent a hypothetical course of IBK ranging from the pre-outbreak stage (herd 1), to the acute disease stage (herd 2), to a stage where treatment had ceased (herd 3). Unaffected animals were also included (herd 4). To facilitate effective, sensitive sample analysis, a new real-time PCR for Myc. bovoculi was developed and used in concert with established real-time PCR protocols for Myc. bovis and Moraxella spp. Herds 1 and 2 showed similarly high rates of detection for Myc. bovoculi (92.5% and 84.0%, respectively), whereas herds 3 and 4 had a lower prevalence (35.5% and 26.2%, respectively). Mor. bovis and Mor. ovis were more prevalent in herd 1 (32.5% and 87.5%, respectively) and herd 2 (38% and 58%, respectively) than herd 3 (10.4% and 1.3%, respectively) and herd 4 (9.8% and 31.1%, respectively). Mor. bovoculi was the only pathogen that correlated with clinical signs of IBK; at 20% prevalence, it was almost exclusively detected in herd 2. The results indicate that herds with high Myc. bovoculi prevalence are more predisposed to outbreaks of IBK, possibly due to a synergistic interaction with Moraxella spp.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Germany; Keratoconjunctivitis; Moraxella; Moraxellaceae Infections; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 25475168
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.009 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Feb 2021is frequently isolated from the eyes of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; pinkeye). As with which has been causally linked to IBK, expresses...
is frequently isolated from the eyes of cattle with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; pinkeye). As with which has been causally linked to IBK, expresses an RTX (repeats in the structural toxin) cytotoxin that is related to cytotoxin. Pilin, another pathogenic factor in , is required for corneal attachment. Seven antigenically distinct pilin serogroups have been described in . Multiple different serogroups exist amongst type IV pilin encoded by , however, it is not known whether exhibits a similar degree of diversity in type IV pilin that it encodes. This study was done to characterize a structural pilin (PilA) encoded by isolated from cases of IBK to determine if diversity exists amongst PilA sequences. Ninety-four isolates of collected between 2002 and 2017 from 23 counties throughout California and from five counties in four other Western states were evaluated. DNA sequencing and determination of deduced amino acid sequences revealed ten (designated groups A through J) unique PilA sequences that were ~96.1-99.3 % identical. Pilin groups A and C matched previously reported putative PilA sequences from isolated from IBK-affected cattle in the USA (Virginia, Nebraska, and Kansas) and Asia (Kazakhstan). The ten pilin sequences identified were only ~74-76 % identical to deduced amino acid sequences of putative pilin proteins identified from the previously reported whole-genome sequences of derived from deep nasopharyngeal swabs of IBK-asymptomatic cattle. Compared to the diversity reported between structural pilin proteins amongst different serogroups of , PilA from geographically diverse isolates derived from IBK-affected cattle are more conserved.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Fimbriae Proteins; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Keratoconjunctivitis; Moraxella; Moraxellaceae Infections
PubMed: 33404383
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001293