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Biomaterials Nov 2023Damage that affects large volumes of skeletal muscle tissue can severely impact health, mobility, and quality-of-life. Efforts to restore muscle function by implanting...
Damage that affects large volumes of skeletal muscle tissue can severely impact health, mobility, and quality-of-life. Efforts to restore muscle function by implanting tissue engineered muscle grafts at the site of damage have demonstrated limited restoration of force production. Various forms of mechanical and biochemical stimulation have been shown to have a potentially beneficial impact on graft maturation, vascularization, and innervation. However, these approaches yield unpredictable and incomplete recovery of functional mobility. Here we show that targeted actuation of implanted grafts, via non-invasive transcutaneous light stimulation of optogenetic engineered muscle, restores motor function to levels similar to healthy mice 2 weeks post-injury. Furthermore, we conduct phosphoproteomic analysis of actuated engineered muscle in vivo and in vitro to show that repeated muscle contraction alters signaling pathways that play key roles in skeletal muscle contractility, adaptation to injury, neurite growth, neuromuscular synapse formation, angiogenesis, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Our study uncovers changes in phosphorylation of several proteins previously unreported in the context of muscle contraction, revealing promising mechanisms for leveraging actuated muscle grafts to restore mobility after volumetric muscle loss.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Tissue Engineering; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; Muscle Contraction; Prostheses and Implants
PubMed: 37717406
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122317 -
Journal of Sport and Health Science Jan 2022We reviewed and appraised the existing evidence of in vivo manifestations of residual force enhancement in human skeletal muscles and assessed, through a meta-analysis,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
We reviewed and appraised the existing evidence of in vivo manifestations of residual force enhancement in human skeletal muscles and assessed, through a meta-analysis, the effect of an immediate history of eccentric contraction on the subsequent torque capacity of voluntary and electrically evoked muscle contractions.
METHODS
Our search was conducted from database inception to May 2020. Descriptive information was extracted from, and quality was assessed for, 45 studies. Meta-analyses and metaregressions were used to analyze residual torque enhancement and its dependence on the angular amplitude of the preceding eccentric contraction.
RESULTS
Procedures varied across studies with regards to muscle group tested, angular stretch amplitude, randomization of contractions, time window analyzed, and verbal command. Torque capacity in isometric (constant muscle tendon unit length and joint angle) contractions preceded by an eccentric contraction was typically greater compared to purely isometric contractions, and this effect was greater for electrically evoked muscle contractions than voluntary contractions. Residual torque enhancement differed across muscle groups for the voluntary contractions, with a significant enhancement in torque observed for the adductor pollicis, ankle dorsiflexors, ankle plantar flexors, and knee extensors, but not for the elbow and knee flexors. Meta-regressions revealed that the angular amplitude of the eccentric contraction (normalized to the respective joint's full range of motion) was not associated with the residual torque enhancement observed.
CONCLUSION
There is evidence of residual torque enhancement for most, but not all, muscle groups, and residual torque enhancement is greater for electrically evoked than for voluntary contractions. Contrary to our hypothesis, and contrary to generally accepted findings on isolated muscle preparations, residual torque enhancement in voluntary and electrically evoked contractions does not seem to depend on the angular amplitude of the preceding eccentric contraction.
Topics: Humans; Isometric Contraction; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Range of Motion, Articular; Torque
PubMed: 34062271
DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.05.006 -
Progress in Biophysics and Molecular... Jul 2022The 1968 review article on Calcium ion and muscle contraction by Setsuro Ebashi and Makoto Endo is one of the highest cited in the journal since it was required reading... (Review)
Review
The 1968 review article on Calcium ion and muscle contraction by Setsuro Ebashi and Makoto Endo is one of the highest cited in the journal since it was required reading in the early days of understanding what triggers contraction of the myofilaments. It correctly identified the major steps in excitation-contraction coupling and still inspires mathematical models of muscle activity today. It also successfully identified the role of troponin.
Topics: Biophysics; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Ions; Molecular Biology; Muscle Contraction
PubMed: 35390360
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.03.009 -
American Journal of Physiology. Cell... Apr 2022A muscle undergoing cyclical contractions requires fast and efficient muscle activation and relaxation to generate high power with relatively low energetic cost. To...
A muscle undergoing cyclical contractions requires fast and efficient muscle activation and relaxation to generate high power with relatively low energetic cost. To enhance activation and increase force levels during shortening, some muscle types have evolved stretch activation (SA), a delayed increased in force following rapid muscle lengthening. SA's complementary phenomenon is shortening deactivation (SD), a delayed decrease in force following muscle shortening. SD increases muscle relaxation, which decreases resistance to subsequent muscle lengthening. Although it might be just as important to cyclical power output, SD has received less investigation than SA. To enable mechanistic investigations into SD and quantitatively compare it to SA, we developed a protocol to elicit SA and SD from and indirect flight muscles (IFM) and jump muscle. When normalized to isometric tension, IFM exhibited a 118% SD tension decrease, IFM dropped by 97%, and jump muscle decreased by 37%. The same order was found for normalized SA tension: IFM increased by 233%, IFM by 76%, and jump muscle by only 11%. SD occurred slightly earlier than SA, relative to the respective length change, for both IFMs; but SD was exceedingly earlier than SA for jump muscle. Our results suggest SA and SD evolved to enable highly efficient IFM cyclical power generation and may be caused by the same mechanism. However, jump muscle SA and SD mechanisms are likely different, and may have evolved for a role other than to increase the power output of cyclical contractions.
Topics: Animals; Drosophila; Isometric Contraction; Muscle Contraction
PubMed: 34965153
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00281.2021 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023The need for developing a simple and effective assessment tool for muscle mass has been increasing in a rapidly aging society. This study aimed to evaluate the...
The need for developing a simple and effective assessment tool for muscle mass has been increasing in a rapidly aging society. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of the surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters for estimating muscle mass. Overall, 212 healthy volunteers participated in this study. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength and root mean square (RMS) values of motor unit potentials from surface electrodes on each muscle (biceps brachii, triceps brachii, biceps femoris, rectus femoris) during isometric exercises of elbow flexion (EF), elbow extension (EE), knee flexion (KF), knee extension (KE) were acquired. New variables (MeanRMS, MaxRMS, and RatioRMS) were calculated from RMS values according to each exercise. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was performed to determine the segmental lean mass (SLM), segmental fat mass (SFM), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). Muscle thicknesses were measured using ultrasonography (US). sEMG parameters showed positive correlations with MVC strength, SLM, ASM, and muscle thickness measured by US, but showed negative correlations with SFM. An equation was developed for ASM: ASM = -26.04 + 20.345 × Height + 0.178 × weight - 2.065 × (1, if female; 0, if male) + 0.327 × RatioRMS(KF) + 0.965 × MeanRMS(EE) (SEE = 1.167, adjusted R = 0.934). sEMG parameters in controlled conditions may represent overall muscle strength and muscle mass in healthy individuals.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Electromyography; Muscle, Skeletal; Elbow; Arm; Elbow Joint; Muscle Strength; Isometric Contraction; Muscle Contraction
PubMed: 37420659
DOI: 10.3390/s23125490 -
PeerJ 2023Knowledge of the muscle's lengths at which maximum active isometric force is attained is important for predicting forces during movement. However, there is limited...
BACKGROUND
Knowledge of the muscle's lengths at which maximum active isometric force is attained is important for predicting forces during movement. However, there is limited information about the force-length properties of a human muscle that plays crucial roles during locomotion; the tibialis anterior (TA). We therefore aimed to estimate TA's force-length relation from dorsiflexor torque-angle curves constructed from eight women and eight men.
METHODS
Participants performed maximal voluntary fixed-end contractions with their right ankle dorsiflexors from 0° to 30° plantar flexion. Muscle fascicle lengths were estimated from B-mode ultrasound images, and net ankle joint torques were measured using dynamometry. Fascicle forces were estimated by dividing maximal active torques by literature-derived, angle-specific tendon moment arm lengths while assuming a fixed 50% force contribution of TA to the total dorsiflexor force and accounting for fascicle angles.
RESULTS
Maximal active torques were higher at 15° than 20° and 30° plantar flexion (2.4-6.4 Nm, ≤ 0.012), whereas maximal active TA fascicle forces were higher at 15° than 0°, 20° and 30° plantar flexion (25-61 N, ≤ 0.042), but not different between 15° and 10° plantar flexion (15 N, = 0.277). TA fascicle shortening magnitudes during fixed-end contractions were larger at 15° than 30° plantar flexion (3.9 mm, = 0.012), but less at 15° than 0° plantar flexion (-2.4 mm, = 0.001), with no significant differences (≤0.7 mm, = 0.871) between TA's superficial and deep muscle compartments. Series elastic element stiffness was lowest and highest at lengths 5% shorter and 5% longer than optimum fascicle length, respectively (-30 and 15 N/mm, ≤ 0.003).
DISCUSSION
TA produced its maximum active force at 10-15° plantar flexion, and its normalized force-length relation had ascending and descending limbs that agreed with a simple scaled sarcomere model when active fascicle lengths from within TA's superficial or deep muscle compartment were considered. These findings can be used to inform the properties of the contractile and series elastic elements of Hill-type muscle models.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Young Adult; Isometric Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Tendons; Muscle Contraction; Ankle Joint
PubMed: 37461407
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15693 -
Journal of Electromyography and... Feb 2023Antagonist coactivation is the simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles during a motor task. Age-related changes in coactivation may contribute to... (Review)
Review
Antagonist coactivation is the simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles during a motor task. Age-related changes in coactivation may contribute to observed differences in muscle performance between children and adults. Our aim was to systematically summarize age-related differences in antagonist muscle coactivation during multi-joint dynamic and single-joint isometric and isokinetic contractions. Electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies comparing coactivation in upper or lower extremity muscles between healthy children and adolescents/young adults. Of the 1083 studies initially identified, 25 met eligibility criteria. Thirteen studies examined multi-joint dynamic movements, 10 single-joint isometric contractions, and 2 single-joint isokinetic contractions. Of the studies investigating multi-joint dynamic contractions, 83% (11/13 studies) reported at least one significant age-related difference: In 84% (9/11 studies) coactivation was higher in children, whereas 16% (2/11 studies) reported higher coactivation in adults. Among single-joint contractions, only 25% (3/12 studies) reported significantly higher coactivation in children. Fifty six percent of studies examined females, with no clear sex-related differences. Child-adult differences in coactivation appear to be more prevalent during multi-joint dynamic contractions, where generally, coactivation is higher in children. When examining child-adult differences in muscle function, it is important to consider potential age-related differences in coactivation, specifically during multi-joint dynamic contractions.
Topics: Female; Young Adult; Adolescent; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Electromyography; Isometric Contraction; Lower Extremity; Movement; Muscle Contraction
PubMed: 36525931
DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102727 -
Journal of Electromyography and... Aug 2015Following an active lengthening contraction while maintaining activation constant, isometric force is elevated above that of a purely isometric contraction at the same... (Review)
Review
Following an active lengthening contraction while maintaining activation constant, isometric force is elevated above that of a purely isometric contraction at the same final muscle length. This fundamental property of skeletal muscle is referred to as residual force enhancement. While the contractile mechanisms of residual force enhancement are still highly-debated, from an applied perspective this review focuses on the potential physiological relevance of residual force enhancement in human movement. Moreover, this work aims to highlight commonalities as well as discrepancies to well accepted history-dependent properties analyzed in muscle preparations. This will help to identify aspects of residual force enhancement in vivo requiring further research. In the first part of this review a phenomenological description of residual force enhancement in vivo as observed in numerous experiments will be presented. These include voluntary as well as electrically stimulated contractions of isolated small muscles up to coordinated multi-joint contractions of humans at maximal and submaximal activation level. Secondly, we show that residual force enhancement during voluntary contractions is not necessarily purely mechanical in nature, but also influenced by neural control in terms of more efficient activation, increased excitability, saving of metabolic energy, and maintains muscle function in acutely and chronically altered neuromuscular states like fatigue, muscle damage and aging. Finally, this review focuses on implications of residual force enhancement for human movement and future directions for research on residual force enhancement in the context of human motor control.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Humans; Isometric Contraction; Muscle Contraction; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 25956547
DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.04.011 -
Journal of the International Society of... Dec 2024This study aimed to determine the optimal time point, either 30 or 60 minutes, at which muscle reactivity to caffeine administration is highest. Unlike previous...
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to determine the optimal time point, either 30 or 60 minutes, at which muscle reactivity to caffeine administration is highest. Unlike previous studies that focused on the nervous system response, we employed tensiomyography (TMG) to directly assess the effects of caffeine on muscle fibers.
METHODS
TMG measurements were performed on the gastrocnemius medialis muscle of 42 male athletes who regularly consumed caffeine. Participants received a dose of 6 mg/kg body weight and TMG measurements were taken prior to caffeine intake, as well as 30 and 60 minutes afterward.
RESULTS
Analysis of TMG parameters including time to contraction (Tc), time delay (Td), and maximal displacement (Dm) revealed that muscles exhibited faster contractions and greater stiffness at the 30-minute mark compared to both pre-caffeine intake and the 60-minute time point. Time exerted a significant main effect on Tc (F(2, 246) = 12.09, < .001, ή2p = 0.09), Td (F(2, 246) = 3.39, = .035, ή2p = 0.03), and Dm (F(2, 246) = 6.83, = .001, ή2p = 0.05), while no significant effect of body side was observed.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings indicate that muscle contraction time (Tc) and delay time (Td) are influenced by the time elapsed since caffeine ingestion, with the fastest responses occurring after 30 minutes. Additionally, a systemic effect of caffeine was observed, as there were no discernible differences in measurements between the two sides of the body. TMG proves to be an effective noninvasive method for assessing muscle responses following caffeine administration.
Topics: Humans; Male; Caffeine; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal
PubMed: 38239059
DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2306295 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jun 2023Muscle contraction is the primary source of all animal movement. I show that the maximum mechanical output of such contractions is determined by a characteristic...
Muscle contraction is the primary source of all animal movement. I show that the maximum mechanical output of such contractions is determined by a characteristic dimensionless number, the "effective inertia," , defined by a small set of mechanical, physiological, and anatomical properties of the interrogated musculoskeletal complex. Different musculoskeletal systems with equal may be considered physiologically similar, in the sense that maximum performance involves equal fractions of the muscle's maximum strain rate, strain capacity, work, and power density. It can be demonstrated that there exists a unique, "optimal" musculoskeletal anatomy which enables a unit volume of muscle to deliver maximum work and power simultaneously, corresponding to close to unity. External forces truncate the mechanical performance space accessible to muscle by introducing parasitic losses, and subtly alter how musculoskeletal anatomy modulates muscle performance, challenging canonical notions of skeletal force-velocity trade-offs. varies systematically under isogeometric transformations of musculoskeletal systems, a result which provides fundamental insights into the key determinants of animal locomotor performance across scales.
Topics: Animals; Muscle, Skeletal; Biomechanical Phenomena; Muscle Contraction; Locomotion; Motion
PubMed: 37285395
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221217120