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Developmental Neurorehabilitation May 2023To review the effects of functional strength training (FST) on muscle strength and mobility in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the effects of functional strength training (FST) on muscle strength and mobility in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP).
METHODS
Eight databases were screened through March 2022 for studies assessing the impact of FST on strength, mobility, balance, and endurance in children with spastic CP. Study quality was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist and Cochrane Risk of Bias tools, followed by a meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Twelve intervention studies of moderate-to-high-level evidence were selected. The interventions included open and closed chain exercises using free weights or body weight, administered approximately thrice a week for 12 weeks. The FST was found to have a moderate-to-large, statistically significant, positive effect on muscle strength (quadriceps, hamstrings, and plantar flexors) and mobility (GMFM D and E), with only four studies showing maintenance of gains during follow-up assessment.
CONCLUSION
FST has a positive effect on muscle strength and mobility in children with spastic CP, but evidence of sustained effects following FST is limited.
Topics: Humans; Child; Resistance Training; Muscle Spasticity; Cerebral Palsy; Exercise; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 37254274
DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2023.2218905 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2022This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of exercise interventions on muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia. Randomized... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of exercise interventions on muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia. Randomized controlled studies assessing exercise effects on sarcopenia were searched in Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, Scopus, EMBASE, and VIP and CNKI up to 31 March 2022. Data were expressed as weighted/standardized mean difference (MD/SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). I index was employed for heterogeneity. The initial search identified 5379 studies, and 23 studies involving 1252 participants met the inclusion criteria for further analysis. Results revealed that exercise interventions can significantly improve grip strength (MD = 2.38, 95%CI = 1.33-3.43), knee extension strength (SMD = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.36-0.64), muscle mass of lower extremities (MD = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.01-0.56), walking speed (SMD = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.49-1.27), and functional mobility (MD = -1.77, 95%CI = -2.11--1.42) among older adults with sarcopenia. No significant exercise effects were found on fat-free muscle mass, appendicular muscle mass, skeletal muscle mass, and muscle mass of the upper extremities. The results of subgroup analysis indicated that both resistance training and multicomponent exercise could significantly increase the muscle strength, while aerobic exercise did not. The findings suggest that exercise intervention can effectively improve muscle function and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia, but has limited effects on the muscle mass of the upper extremities. In addition, it is highly recommended to apply group-based and supervised resistance training and multicomponent exercise in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia among the older population.
Topics: Aged; Exercise; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Physical Functional Performance; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 35805870
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138212 -
Gerontology 2023Sarcopenia is currently understood as an organ insufficiency. However, the distinction of acute and chronic sarcopenia as different categories, which makes sense in this... (Review)
Review
Sarcopenia is currently understood as an organ insufficiency. However, the distinction of acute and chronic sarcopenia as different categories, which makes sense in this conceptual framework, is still evolving. The first set of modern definitions of sarcopenia only considered chronic sarcopenia. However, research showed that function in acute care settings differs from the loss that evolves slowly over months or years, and this fact is starting to permeate modern definitions. The updated version of the EWGSOP definition identifies acute and chronic sarcopenia as subcategories. Different studies have reported rates of incident sarcopenia in hospitalised older patients around 15-20%, which adds to the prevalent sarcopenia present on admission. Diagnosing sarcopenia in acute settings carries specific challenges related to the patients, the acute condition, and limitations in the use of diagnostic tests for muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. Prevention and management of acute sarcopenia rely on exercise during admission, but the quality of evidence is still low. Nutritional intervention and drugs may have a role, but more research is needed.
Topics: Humans; Sarcopenia; Hand Strength; Muscle Strength; Hospitalization; Exercise; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 36689926
DOI: 10.1159/000529052 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2018Muscle strength is an important component of health.
BACKGROUND
Muscle strength is an important component of health.
OBJECTIVE
To describe and evaluate the studies which have established the reference values for muscle strength on healthy individuals and to synthesize these values with a descriptive meta-analysis approach.
METHODS
A systematic review was performed in MEDLINE, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Studies that investigated the reference values for muscle strength of two or more appendicular/axial muscle groups of health individuals were included. Methodological quality, including risk of bias was assessed by the QUADAS-2. Data extracted included: country of the study, sample size, population characteristics, equipment/method used, and muscle groups evaluated.
RESULTS
Of the 414 studies identified, 46 were included. Most of the studies had adequate methodological quality. Included studies evaluated: appendicular (80.4%) and axial (36.9%) muscles; adults (78.3%), elderly (58.7%), adolescents (43.5%), children (23.9%); isometric (91.3%) and isokinetic (17.4%) strength. Six studies (13%) with similar procedures were synthesized with meta-analysis. Generally, the coefficient of variation values that resulted from the meta-analysis ranged from 20.1% to 30% and were similar to those reported by the original studies. The meta-analysis synthesized the reference values of isometric strength of 14 muscle groups of the dominant/non-dominant sides of the upper/lower limbs of adults/elderly from developed countries, using dynamometers/myometer.
CONCLUSIONS
Most of the included studies had adequate methodological quality. The meta-analysis provided reference values for the isometric strength of 14 appendicular muscle groups of the dominant/non-dominant sides, measured with dynamometers/myometers, of men/women, of adults/elderly. These data may be used to interpret the results of the evaluations and establish appropriate treatment goals.
Topics: Humans; Muscle Strength; Reference Values
PubMed: 29764761
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.02.006 -
Ageing Research Reviews Dec 2020Chronic inflammation has been associated with sarcopenia and its components skeletal muscle strength and muscle mass. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Chronic inflammation has been associated with sarcopenia and its components skeletal muscle strength and muscle mass. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the relationship between systemic inflammation, muscle strength and/or muscle mass in adults.
METHODS
An electronic search using keywords such as 'acute phase proteins, cytokines and sarcopenia, muscle mass, muscle strength' was conducted via Pubmed, Web of Science and Embase from inception until the 30th of June 2020. A meta-analysis using correlation data was performed to determine the overall relationship between inflammation and muscle strength and muscle mass in adults.
RESULTS
Overall, 168 articles; 149 cross-sectional articles (n = 76,899 participants, 47.0 % male) and 19 longitudinal articles (n = 12,295 participants, 31.9 % male) met inclusion criteria. Independent of disease state, higher levels of C reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin (IL)-6 and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α were associated with lower handgrip and knee extension strength (CRP; r = -0.10, p < 0.001, IL-6; r = -0.13, p < 0.001, TNFα; r = -0.08, p < 0.001 and CRP; r = -0.18, p < 0.001, IL-6; r = -0.11, p < 0.001, TNFα; r = -0.13, p < 0.001 respectively) and muscle mass (CRP; r = -0.12, p < 0.001, IL-6; r = -0.09, p < 0.001, TNFα; r = -0.15, p < 0.001). Furthermore, higher levels of systemic inflammatory markers appeared to be associated with lower muscle strength and muscle mass over time.
CONCLUSION
Higher levels of circulating inflammatory markers are significantly associated with lower skeletal muscle strength and muscle mass.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hand Strength; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 32992047
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101185 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022Resistance exercise effectively improves bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle quality (e.g., muscle mass and muscle strength). The present study aimed to examine the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of Twenty-Four Weeks of Resistance Exercise Training on Body Composition, Bone Mineral Density, Functional Fitness and Isokinetic Muscle Strength in Obese Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Resistance exercise effectively improves bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle quality (e.g., muscle mass and muscle strength). The present study aimed to examine the effect of a 24-week resistance exercise training (RT) program on body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength in obese older women. Forty obese older women were initially enrolled. Among them, 30 participants (age: 80.55 ± 4.94 years; body fat percentage: 36.25 ± 3.44%) completed the study. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups: the RT group (n = 15) and the control (CON) group (n = 15). The RT group participated in the exercise for 60 min per session and two sessions per week for 24 weeks. Pre-test and post-test body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength were evaluated. The RT group increased significantly in functional fitness (hand grip strength: 1.70 kg, < 0.01, and lower body strength: 3.87 n, < 0.001), and isokinetic muscle strength (non-dominant leg extensor peak torque %BW at 60°/s: 13.20%, < 0.05, dominant leg (DL) flexor peak torque at 60°/s: 3.87 Nm, < 0.05, and DL flexor peak torque %BW at 60°/s: 7.60%, < 0.05). However, the CON group showed negative changes in body composition (fat mass: 1.15 kg, < 0.001, body fat percentage: 1.59%, < 0.001, and fat-free mass: -0.58 kg, < 0.05), BMD (whole-body: -0.01 g/cm, < 0.001 and forearm: -0.01 g/cm, < 0.05), functional fitness (lower body flexibility: -3.23 cm, < 0.01, upper body strength: -2.06 n, < 0.01, and agility and dynamic balance: 0.54 s, < 0.01), and isokinetic muscle strength at 60°/s and 180°/s (all peak torque % body weight variables: -7.31--1.50, < 0.05). Our findings show that the CON group negatively affects body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength in obese older women for 24 weeks.
Topics: Humans; Female; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Resistance Training; Bone Density; Hand Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Strength; Body Composition; Obesity
PubMed: 36361434
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114554 -
Biological Research For Nursing Jan 2023Aging is generally associated with numerous metabolic and physical changes that augment susceptibility to several chronic conditions, disability, and diminished quality... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training on Quality of Life, Depression, Muscle Strength, and Functional Exercise Capacity in Older Adults Aged 60 Years or More.
BACKGROUND
Aging is generally associated with numerous metabolic and physical changes that augment susceptibility to several chronic conditions, disability, and diminished quality of life.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of resistance training on quality of life, depression, muscle strength, and functional exercise capacity in older adults (≥60 years).
DATA SOURCES
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to December 20, 2021.
RESULTS
21 studies ( = 1610) were included. Resistance training significantly improved physical functioning (standard mean differences (SMD), 0.31; 0.02), mental health (SMD, 0.44; 0.001), bodily pain (SMD, -0.52; 0.004), general health (SMD, 0.43; 0.002), social functioning (SMD, 0.25; 0.006), and mental component score (SMD, 0.51; 0.001) subscales. Moreover, depression (SMD, -1.13; 0.01), upper-limb muscle strength (mean difference (MD), 15.26 kg; 0.002), lower-limb muscle strength (MD, 48.46 kg; 0.02), and handgrip muscle strength (MD, 1.35 kg; 0.003) significantly improved following resistance training. No benefits were found for vitality, physical component score, total score of quality of life, and the 6-min walk distance.
CONCLUSION
Preliminary evidence reveals that resistance training can be effective for improving most domains of quality of life, upper- and lower-limb muscle strength, handgrip strength, and depression in aged people. More proof is hence needed to draw solid conclusions.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Resistance Training; Quality of Life; Exercise Tolerance; Hand Strength; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 35968662
DOI: 10.1177/10998004221120945 -
Experimental Gerontology Jun 2022The muscle disease sarcopenia, which is characterised by a loss of muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance, restricts mobility and independence in an... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The muscle disease sarcopenia, which is characterised by a loss of muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance, restricts mobility and independence in an ageing society. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyse the effects that long-term progressive resistance training interventions performed on weight machines have on sarcopenia (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People) and how the interventions are composed. In total, 779 articles published between 2000 and 2020 were scanned (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL) and 14 randomised controlled trials were included within the review. Populations, interventions, control groups and outcomes were analysed. Subsequent meta-analysis (10 studies, 902 participants) revealed that the time needed in a chair-stand-test, as an indicator for leg strength, was predominantly reduced, whereas grip strength remained unchanged after the interventions. Data concerning the effects of machine-based progressive resistance training on muscle quantity were insufficient for meta-analysis. Physical performance measured by undergoing the Timed-Up-and-Go-test, gait speed test, Short Physical Performance Battery and 6 min-walk-test improved significantly as well. The quality of evidence (GRADE) in the analysed studies was low or moderate. In summary, machine-based progressive resistance training has the potential to reverse sarcopenia in the oldest old, as reflected by enhanced muscle strength and physical performance. The systematic review revealed promising initial results for muscle quantity.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Hand Strength; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 35318104
DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111767 -
Nature Communications Jun 2023Muscle strength is highly heritable and predictive for multiple adverse health outcomes including mortality. Here, we present a rare protein-coding variant association...
Muscle strength is highly heritable and predictive for multiple adverse health outcomes including mortality. Here, we present a rare protein-coding variant association study in 340,319 individuals for hand grip strength, a proxy measure of muscle strength. We show that the exome-wide burden of rare protein-truncating and damaging missense variants is associated with a reduction in hand grip strength. We identify six significant hand grip strength genes, KDM5B, OBSCN, GIGYF1, TTN, RB1CC1, and EIF3J. In the example of the titin (TTN) locus we demonstrate a convergence of rare with common variant association signals and uncover genetic relationships between reduced hand grip strength and disease. Finally, we identify shared mechanisms between brain and muscle function and uncover additive effects between rare and common genetic variation on muscle strength.
Topics: Humans; Hand Strength; Muscle Strength; Muscular Diseases; Mutation, Missense; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Carrier Proteins
PubMed: 37301943
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39247-1 -
The Journal of Sports Medicine and... 2017The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle on a high frequency periodized leg resistance training in trained...
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle on a high frequency periodized leg resistance training in trained women.
METHODS
Two groups performed high frequency leg resistance training for two weeks of each menstrual/oral contraceptive cycle for four months. The remaining part of the cycle they performed the leg training once a week. Group 1 (N.=19) trained with high frequency (5 times∙w-1) during the first two weeks of each cycle, and group 2 (N.=19) during the last two weeks of each cycle. A control group (N.=21) performed regurlar (3 times∙w-1) leg resistance training for four months.
RESULTS
Significant increase in squat and countermovement jump, and peak torque values in hamstrings for group 1 were observed, but not in group 2. In the control group an increase in squat and countermovement jump, and peak torque (only left hamstring) was also observed. There was also a significant increase in lean body mass of the legs in group 1 only. There were no evident differences in the training effects between women with or without oral contraceptive.
CONCLUSIONS
The high frequency periodized leg resistance training during the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle is more beneficial to optimize training than in the last two weeks. Resistance training during the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle even resulted in a larger gain of lean body mass than regular training.
Topics: Adult; Body Composition; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Leg; Menstrual Cycle; Muscle Strength; Resistance Training; Young Adult
PubMed: 26558833
DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.05848-5