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Scientific Reports Aug 2022Health outcomes of the elderly vary between rural and urban areas. Sarcopenia is diagnosed as loss of muscle strength or impaired physical performance, namely "low...
Health outcomes of the elderly vary between rural and urban areas. Sarcopenia is diagnosed as loss of muscle strength or impaired physical performance, namely "low muscle function" and low muscle mass. Outcomes of low muscle mass and low muscle function are not equal. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of low muscle mass, low muscle function, and sarcopenia in rural and urban populations and to determine whether regional differences were associated with each of these components. Participants aged ≥ 69 years (n = 2354) were recruited from three urban districts and one rural district in Korea. Low muscle mass was defined by appendicular lean mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Low muscle function was defined by handgrip strength and 5-chair stand test. Sarcopenia was defined as low muscle mass plus low muscle function. The prevalence of low muscle function (53.7% vs. 72.8%), and sarcopenia (16.3% vs. 24.4%) were higher in the rural elderly population. Rural residence was associated with low muscle function (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.13-2.37, P = 0.009), but not with low muscle mass (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.22-1.54, P = 0.271) or with sarcopenia (OR 1.13; 95% CI 0.63-2.00, P = 0.683). Interventions to detect and improve low muscle function in rural elderly population are needed.
Topics: Aged; Hand Strength; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscles; Rural Population; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 35995980
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18167-y -
Physiotherapy Theory and Practice Nov 2022Kyphosis may reduce the force of coughing by affecting the factors related to cough peak flow (CPF). This study sought to compare cough strength and respiratory function...
BACKGROUND
Kyphosis may reduce the force of coughing by affecting the factors related to cough peak flow (CPF). This study sought to compare cough strength and respiratory function between non-kyphotic and kyphotic elderly individuals and clarify the relationship between these factors.
METHODS
The non-kyphotic group comprised 17 elderly individuals with a kyphosis index of less than 15.1, while the kyphotic group comprised 21 elderly individuals with a kyphosis index of 15.1 or higher. Cough strength, respiratory function, respiratory muscle strength, and maximum phonation time were measured, and comparison between two groups and correlation analysis between variables were performed.
RESULTS
CPF, vital capacity, maximum expiratory pressure (PEmax), maximum inspiratory pressure (PImax), and chest expansion at the xiphoid process were significantly lower in the kyphotic group than in the non-kyphotic group. There were significant negative correlations between kyphosis index and CPF (r = -0.37, < 0.05), PEmax (r = -0.45, < 0.01), PImax (r = -0.44, < 0.01) and chest expansion at the xiphoid process (r = -0.38, < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrated that cough strength was significantly lower in the kyphotic compared to non-kyphotic individuals. Furthermore, cough strength decreased with increased severity of kyphosis.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Independent Living; Cough; Respiratory Muscles; Respiration; Muscle Strength; Kyphosis
PubMed: 34657572
DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2021.1989731 -
The Journal of Sports Medicine and... Jul 2023Handgrip peak force and rate of force development (RFD) have been shown to be useful measurements at characterizing the strength capacities of numerous muscle groups,...
BACKGROUND
Handgrip peak force and rate of force development (RFD) have been shown to be useful measurements at characterizing the strength capacities of numerous muscle groups, including those of the lower extremities. However, the reliability of these measurements and their relationship with peak muscle power remain uncertain. We aimed to examine the reliability of handgrip peak force and RFD measurements. A secondary aim was to determine if these measurements are correlated with peak muscle power.
METHODS
Twenty young women (21±3 years) reported for testing on two different occasions. Handgrip contractions were performed during each testing session to assess peak force, peak RFD, and RFD at 0-100 (RFD100) and 0-200 (RFD200) ms. Peak power was assessed from a vertical jump test.
RESULTS
Handgrip peak force and RFD measurements were highly consistent between sessions, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.89-0.92 and coefficients of variation of 4.9-6.4%. There were significant correlations between peak power and handgrip peak force (r=0.612, P=0.004), peak RFD (r=0.731, P<0.001), RFD100 (r=0.671, P=0.001), and RFD200 (r=0.701, P=0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that handgrip peak RFD was the single best predictor of peak power (R2=0.535).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results showed that handgrip peak force and RFD measurements are highly reliable and significantly associated with performance during a vertical jump test. The output from our multiple regression analysis suggests that handgrip peak RFD may be an effective predictor of muscle power.
Topics: Humans; Female; Hand Strength; Muscle Strength; Isometric Contraction; Reproducibility of Results; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 36924473
DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.23.14820-1 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2022The trunk strength conventional ratio (CR) has been evaluated. However, the functional ratio and the ratio of strength to body weight (BW) or muscle mass (MM) have been...
BACKGROUND
The trunk strength conventional ratio (CR) has been evaluated. However, the functional ratio and the ratio of strength to body weight (BW) or muscle mass (MM) have been poorly explored. Relative strength is a measure of muscle quality.
OBJECTIVES
To analyze the trunk strength ratio normalized by BW and MM and compare the trunk's conventional and functional ratios collected in isokinetic and isometric conditions.
METHODS
Twenty-seven healthy males (21.48 ± 2.08 years, 70.22 ± 7.65 kg) were evaluated for trunk isometric and isokinetic strength using a functional electromechanical dynamometer.
RESULTS
The extensor's strength was greater than the flexors, with a CR of 0.41 ± 0.10 to 0.44 ± 0.10. Muscle quality was higher in eccentric contraction and high velocity for flexors and extensors. The functional flexor ratio (FFR) ranged between 0.41 ± 0.09 and 0.92 ± 0.27. The functional extensor ratio (FER) ranged between 2.53 ± 0.65 and 4.92 ± 1.26. The FFR and FER showed significant differences between velocities when considering the peak strength ( = 0.001) and mean strength ( = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Trunk extensors were stronger than the flexors; thus, the CR was less than one. Muscle quality was higher at a high velocity. Unlike CR, FFR and FER behaved differently at distinct velocities. This finding highlights the need to explore the behavior of the functional ratio in different populations.
Topics: Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Pilot Projects
PubMed: 36231973
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912673 -
American Journal of Physical Medicine &... May 2023Paracycling classification aims to generate fair competition by discriminating between levels of activity limitation. This study investigated the relationship between...
OBJECTIVE
Paracycling classification aims to generate fair competition by discriminating between levels of activity limitation. This study investigated the relationship between lower limb manual muscle tests (MMT) with ratio-scaled measures of isometric and dynamic strength and of the ratio-scaled measures with cycling performance.
DESIGN
Fifty-six para cyclists (44 males, 12 females) with leg impairments performed isometric and dynamic strength tests: leg push and pull, and an all-out 20-sec sprint. The MMT results were obtained from the classification database ( n = 21) and race speeds from time trials ( n = 54).
RESULTS
Regression analyses showed significant associations of MMT with isometric push ( R2 = 0.49), dynamic push ( R2 = 0.35), and dynamic pull ( R2 = 0.28). Isometric strength was significantly correlated with dynamic push (ρ = 0.63) and pull (ρ = 0.54). The isometric and dynamic tests were significantly associated with sprint power and race speed ( R2 = 0.16-0.50).
CONCLUSIONS
The modified MMT and ratio-scaled measures were significantly associated. The significant relation of isometric and dynamic strength with sprint power and race speed maps the impact of lower limb impairments on paracycling performance. The MMT and the isometric and dynamic measures show potential for use in paracycling classification.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Muscle Strength; Lower Extremity; Bicycling; Isometric Contraction
PubMed: 35349541
DOI: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000002014 -
Geriatrics & Gerontology International Sep 2022Forward head posture, an abnormality in head and trunk positioning, adversely affects suprahyoid muscle activity. Jaw-opening force, which reflects suprahyoid muscle...
AIM
Forward head posture, an abnormality in head and trunk positioning, adversely affects suprahyoid muscle activity. Jaw-opening force, which reflects suprahyoid muscle strength, is a useful index of dysphagia. However, the relationship between forward head posture and strength and morphology of suprahyoid muscles remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the relationship between forward head posture, jaw-opening force and morphology of suprahyoid muscles.
METHODS
During October 2018, we enrolled older adults aged ≥65 years. The craniovertebral angle was measured, and an angle <49° was defined as forward head posture. Jaw-opening force was also measured. The geniohyoid muscle (GHM) was selected to represent the suprahyoid muscles, and its cross-sectional area and length were measured using ultrasonography. Sarcopenia was also determined based on the criteria of the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between morphological characteristics of the suprahyoid muscle and jaw-opening force as well as the association between the former and forward head posture.
RESULTS
Data of 87 participants were analyzed. Sex, cross-sectional area and length of the GHM, and sarcopenia were significantly associated with jaw-opening force. In addition, sex and forward head posture were significantly associated with the length of the GHM.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study demonstrated that an overextended length of suprahyoid muscles mediates the relationship between forward head posture and jaw-opening force. Forward head posture is easily visualized and can be a useful indicator of decline in suprahyoid muscle strength. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 779-784.
Topics: Aged; Deglutition Disorders; Humans; Muscle Strength; Neck Muscles; Posture; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 36058622
DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14457 -
Archives of Physical Medicine and... Nov 2023To evaluate the effects of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on lower limb muscle strength and physical performance in older adults. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effects of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on lower limb muscle strength and physical performance in older adults.
DATA SOURCES
Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE databases were searched for papers published in English, from January 1, 2000, to May 30, 2022.
STUDY SELECTION
Randomized controlled trials of WBVT in older adults (mean age, 65 years or older) published in English. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale was used to assess the quality of the selected studies.
DATA EXTRACTION
Two investigators independently assessed articles according to the evaluation criteria. Differences between investigator assessments were resolved by consulting a third investigator before reassessment.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Systematic review of 18 randomized controlled studies found that WBVT produced significant improvements in lower limb muscle strength and physical performance among older adults. We used the Cochrane Collaboration method to assess risk of bias and RevMan version 5.4 to extract means and calculate SDs. WBVT significantly improved knee strength (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.38, 1.07], P<.0001, I=58%) and explosive power (SMD=0.47, 95% CI [0.10, 0.83], P=.01, I=0%) among older adults. Significant improvements in each physical performance were observed in the sit-to-stand test (SMD=0.57, 95% CI [0.30, 0.84], P<.0001, I=35%), the subgroup of studies that evaluated balance with timed Up and Go test, SMD was 0.53 (95% CI [0.19, 0.88], P=.002, I=56%) and the Tinetti total score, SMD was 0.72 (95% CI [0.04, 1.41], P=.04, I=81%), walking speed (SMD=0.46, 95% CI [0.14, 0.77], P=.005, I=49%), and walking endurance (SMD=0.43, 95% CI [0.02, 0.85], P=.04, I=24%).
CONCLUSIONS
WBVT may be an effective intervention to improve lower limb muscle strength and physical performance in older adults. Tinetti total score remains controversial and warrants assessment in future high-quality randomized controlled trials.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Postural Balance; Vibration; Muscle Strength; Time and Motion Studies; Lower Extremity; Physical Functional Performance
PubMed: 37169245
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.04.002 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Jul 2020Minimal information is available to validate measurement of respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the...
BACKGROUND
Minimal information is available to validate measurement of respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP) with handgrip strength (HGS) and cross sectional muscle area obtained via diagnostic abdominal computed tomography (CT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Measures of MIP, MEP, SNIP, and HGS were obtained from individuals that participated in a previously published study; individuals who had an abdominal CT completed with (±)7 days of obtaining RMS measures were included. Both RMS and HGS were measured within 48-72 hours of admission; for RMS, the highest absolute (cm H O) and percent predicted values were recorded, and the average of 3 HGS measurements (kg) was documented. Cross-sectional muscle area (cm ) at the third lumbar region was recorded. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between variables.
RESULTS
A total of 35 participants were included. HGS was correlated to absolute MIP (r = 0.62, r = 0.61), MEP (r = 0.74, r = 0.73), and SNIP (r = 0.58, r = 0.54) for males and females, respectively. Crosss-sectional muscle area was correlated with absolute MIP (r = 0.66), MEP (r = 0.58), and SNIP (r = 0.783) for men and absolute SNIP (r = 0.56) among women.
CONCLUSION
Measures of RMS represent a promising assessment of muscle mass and function among hospitalized patients.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hand Strength; Humans; Male; Maximal Respiratory Pressures; Muscle Strength; Respiratory Muscles
PubMed: 31621088
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1724 -
Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal... Mar 2022To evaluate differences in physical impairment, muscle strength, muscle mass and muscle density between patients with hypermobile Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (hEDS),...
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate differences in physical impairment, muscle strength, muscle mass and muscle density between patients with hypermobile Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (hEDS), hypermobile spectrum disorder (HSD), and healthy controls.
METHODS
Female adults with hEDS (n=20) and HSD (n=23), diagnosed to the most recent criteria, and age-matched healthy controls (n=28) completed the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (physical functioning) and performed maximal muscle strength and strength endurance tests of lower and upper limbs (hand grip, posture maintenance, 30 seconds chair rise and isokinetic tests). Muscle mass and density were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography.
RESULTS
No differences in physical functioning and muscle strength were found between adults with hEDS and HSD. Furthermore, no differences in muscle mass and density were observed between the three groups. Nevertheless, when both patient groups were compared to controls, physical functioning, maximal muscle strength and muscle strength endurance were significantly lower (all p<0.001), except for the hand flexors.
CONCLUSION
Physical functioning, muscle strength, density and mass did not significantly differ between individuals with hEDS and HSD. Compared to controls, physical functioning and muscle strength (maximal and endurance) were significantly lower. Consequently, (functional) strength training in individuals with hEDS and HSD is necessary.
Topics: Adult; Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome; Female; Hand Strength; Humans; Joint Instability; Muscle Strength; Muscles
PubMed: 35234154
DOI: No ID Found -
Scientific Reports Jan 2023Certain cut-off points for sarcopenia screening and diagnosis are arbitrary and based on European populations, with normative references often obtained from healthy...
Certain cut-off points for sarcopenia screening and diagnosis are arbitrary and based on European populations, with normative references often obtained from healthy young adults. Although respiratory skeletal muscle strength tests represent low-cost clinical measures commonly performed in clinical practice by health professionals, a gap remains regarding whether respiratory skeletal muscle strength tests are adequate and sensitive measures for sarcopenia screening. This study aimed to verify the value of handgrip and respiratory muscle strength as possible discriminators to identify sarcopenia and to establish cut-off points for sarcopenia screening in community-dwelling, Brazilian women. In a cross-sectional study, 154 community-dwelling, Brazilian women (65-96 years) were assessed for appendicular skeletal muscle mass, handgrip (HGS), and respiratory muscular strength, including maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP). The data were analyzed using the ROC curve and the Youden Index determined cut-off points. Statistical significance was set at 5%. 88 participants (57%) were sarcopenic. MEP (OR 0.98 [95%CI 0.97, 1.00], p = 0.023) and HGS (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.75, 0.90], p < 0.001) were independent factors for sarcopenia in older. The optimal cut-off points for identifying sarcopenia were ≤ 77 cmHO for MEP (AUC = 0.72), and ≤ 20 kg for HGS (AUC = 0.80). Simple muscular strength tests, including HGS and MEP, may be considered in the identification of sarcopenia in older, community-dwelling, Brazilian women. Future work is still needed to assess external validation of the proposed cut-offs before the clinical application.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Female; Aged; Sarcopenia; Hand Strength; Independent Living; Brazil; Cross-Sectional Studies; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Respiratory Muscles
PubMed: 36707661
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28549-5