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Experimental Eye Research Apr 2022The focus of the current review is multi-fold and compares the diversity and abundance of fungi on the ocular surface by the conventional culture-based method with the... (Review)
Review
The focus of the current review is multi-fold and compares the diversity and abundance of fungi on the ocular surface by the conventional culture-based method with the more sensitive, high throughput, culture-independent NGS method. The aim is to highlight the existence of a core ocular mycobiome and explore the transition of the ocular fungal microbiota from the normal eye to the diseased eye. PubMed, Google Scholar and Medline were used to search for publications and reviews related to cultivable fungi and the mycobiome of the normal and diseased eye. The conventional cultivable approach and the NGS approach confirm that the eye has its own mycobiome and several confounding factors (age, gender, ethnicity etc.) influence the mycobiome. Further, dysbiosis in the mycobiome appears to be associated with ocular diseases and thus impacts the health of the human eye. Considering that the mycobiome of the eye is influenced by several confounding factors and also varies with respect to the disease status of the eye there is a need to extensively explore the mycobiome under different physiological conditions, different ethnicities, geographical regions etc. Such studies would unravel the diversity and abundance of the mycobiomes and contribute to our understanding of ocular health. Research focused on ocular mycobiomes may eventually help to build a targeted and individualized treatment.
Topics: Eye; Fungi; Humans; Mycobiome
PubMed: 35120870
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108968 -
Beneficial Microbes Dec 2022There is growing interest in the field of psychobiotics, which are probiotics that confer a mental health benefit when ingested. As this field grows, it should pay... (Review)
Review
There is growing interest in the field of psychobiotics, which are probiotics that confer a mental health benefit when ingested. As this field grows, it should pay particular attention to three areas within psychobiotics research that are currently under-studied - sex (and gender) representation, fungi and the mycobiome, and vagus nerve activity. Giving these three domains more attention is currently feasible without significant increased investment of time or money. We discuss these three domains briefly, why they are of particular relevance for psychobiotics research, and how psychobiotics research can easily integrate their perspectives. Our recommendations are summarised in the conclusion, but include equal sex representation at all phases of research (human and animal studies), investigating the relationship between psychobiotics and commensal fungi, and measuring the activity of the vagus nerve in psychobiotics studies.
Topics: Humans; Probiotics; Animals; Psychology; Mycobiome; Vagus Nerve; Biomedical Research; Fungi; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 36377580
DOI: 10.3920/BM2022.0051 -
Gut Microbes 2023In recent years, it has become clear that gut microbiota plays a major role in the human body, both in health and disease. Because of that, the gut microbiome and its... (Review)
Review
In recent years, it has become clear that gut microbiota plays a major role in the human body, both in health and disease. Because of that, the gut microbiome and its impact on human well-being are getting wider and wider attention. Studies focused on the liver are not an exception. However, the majority of the analyses are concentrated on the bacterial part of the gut microbiota, while the fungi living in the human intestines are often omitted or underappreciated. This review is focused on the gut mycobiome as an important factor that should be taken into consideration regarding liver homeostasis and its perturbations. We have collected the findings in this field and we discuss their importance. We aim to emphasize the fungal compositional changes related to liver diseases and, by that, provide novel insights into the directions of liver research and gut microbiota as a therapeutic target for liver diseases.
Topics: Humans; Mycobiome; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Liver Diseases
PubMed: 37184158
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2211922 -
Cancer Letters Aug 2023A variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, archaea and protozoa coexists within the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as that fungi are detectable in all... (Review)
Review
A variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, archaea and protozoa coexists within the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as that fungi are detectable in all intestinal and colon segments in almost all healthy adults. Although fungi can cause infectious diseases, they are also related to gut and systemic homeostasis. Importantly, through transformation of different forms such as from yeast to hyphae, interaction among gut microbiota such as fungal and bacterial interaction, host factors such as immune and host derived factors, and fungus genetic and epigenetic factors, fungi can be transformed from commensal into pathogenic lifestyles. Recent studies have shown that fungi play a significant role in the occurrence and development of tumors such as colorectal cancer. Indeed, evidences have shown that multiple species of different fungi exist in different tumors. Studies have also demonstrated that fungi are related to the occurrence and development of tumors, and also survival of patients. Here we summarize recent advances in the transformation of fungi from commensal into pathogenic lifestyles, and the effects of gut pathogenic fungi on the occurrence and development of tumors such as colorectal and pancreatic cancers.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Humans; Mycobiome; Fungi; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Bacteria; Neoplasms; Mammals
PubMed: 37451425
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216302 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023infection (CDI) is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and has been reported as a risk factor for poor outcome. However, gut microbiome and...
BACKGROUND
infection (CDI) is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and has been reported as a risk factor for poor outcome. However, gut microbiome and mycobiome of IBD patients with CDI have been barely investigated. This study aimed to assess the gut microbiome and mycobiome in IBD patients with CDI.
METHODS
We collected fecal samples from patients with active IBD and concomitant CDI (IBD-CDI group, n=25), patients with active IBD and no CDI (IBD-only group, n=51), and healthy subjects (HC, n=40). Patients' characteristics including demographic data, disease severity, and medication history were collected. Metagenomic sequencing, taxonomic and functional analysis were carried out in the samples.
RESULTS
We found that the bacterial alpha diversity of the IBD-CDI group was decreased. The bacterial and fungal beta diversity variations between IBD patients and HC were significant, regardless of CDI status. But the IBD-CDI group did not significantly cluster separately from the IBD-only group. Several bacterial taxa, including , , and were overrepresented in the IBD-CDI group. Furthermore, IBD patients with CDI were distinguished by several fungal taxa, including overrepresentation of . We also identified functional differences in IBD patients with CDI include enrichment of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The network analysis indicated specific interactions between microbial markers in IBD-CDI patients.
CONCLUSION
IBD patients with CDI had pronounced microbial dysbiosis. Gut micro-ecological changes in IBD patients with CDI might provide insight into the pathological process and potential strategies for diagnosis and treatment in this subset of patients.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mycobiome; Clostridioides difficile; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Bacteria; Clostridium Infections
PubMed: 36814443
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1129043 -
Gut Dec 2023The gastrointestinal ecosystem has received the most attention when examining the contributions of the human microbiome to health and disease. This concentration of... (Review)
Review
The gastrointestinal ecosystem has received the most attention when examining the contributions of the human microbiome to health and disease. This concentration of effort is logical due to the overwhelming abundance of microbes in the gut coupled with the relative ease of sampling compared with other organs. However, the intestines are intimately connected to multiple extraintestinal organs, providing an opportunity for homeostatic microbial colonisation and pathogenesis in organs traditionally thought to be sterile or only transiently harbouring microbiota. These habitats are challenging to sample, and their low microbial biomass among large amounts of host tissue can make study challenging. Nevertheless, recent findings have shown that many extraintestinal organs that are intimately linked to the gut harbour stable microbiomes, which are colonised from the gut in selective manners and have highlighted not just the influence of the bacteriome but that of the mycobiome and virome on oncogenesis and health.
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mycobiome; Virome; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37918889
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328834 -
BMC Microbiology Nov 2023The gut microbial composition has been linked to metabolic and autoimmune diseases, including arthritis. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the gut bacteriome,...
OBJECTIVE
The gut microbial composition has been linked to metabolic and autoimmune diseases, including arthritis. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome in patients with gouty arthritis (GA).
METHODS
We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the multi-kingdom gut microbiome of 26 GA patients and 28 healthy controls, using whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing of their stool samples.
RESULTS
Profound alterations were observed in the gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome of GA patients. We identified 1,117 differentially abundant bacterial species, 23 fungal species, and 4,115 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs). GA-enriched bacteria included Escherichia coli_D GENOME144544, Bifidobacterium infantis GENOME095938, Blautia_A wexlerae GENOME096067, and Klebsiella pneumoniae GENOME147598, while control-enriched bacteria comprised Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_G GENOME147678, Agathobacter rectalis GENOME143712, and Bacteroides_A plebeius_A GENOME239725. GA-enriched fungi included opportunistic pathogens like Cryptococcus neoformans GCA_011057565, Candida parapsilosis GCA_000182765, and Malassezia spp., while control-enriched fungi featured several Hortaea werneckii subclades and Aspergillus fumigatus GCA_000002655. GA-enriched vOTUs mainly attributed to Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, Podoviridae, and Microviridae, whereas control-enriched vOTUs spanned 13 families, including Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, Podoviridae, Quimbyviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and crAss-like. A co-abundance network revealed intricate interactions among these multi-kingdom signatures, signifying their collective influence on the disease. Furthermore, these microbial signatures demonstrated the potential to effectively discriminate between patients and controls, highlighting their diagnostic utility.
CONCLUSIONS
This study yields crucial insights into the characteristics of the GA microbiota that may inform future mechanistic and therapeutic investigations.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Arthritis, Gouty; East Asian People; Microbiota; Mycobiome; Bacteria
PubMed: 38001408
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03097-0 -
Journal of Hepatology Apr 2023Liver and biliary diseases affect more than a billion people worldwide, with high associated morbidity and mortality. The impact of the intestinal bacterial microbiome... (Review)
Review
Liver and biliary diseases affect more than a billion people worldwide, with high associated morbidity and mortality. The impact of the intestinal bacterial microbiome on liver diseases has been well established. However, the fungal microbiome, or mycobiome, has been overlooked for a long time. Recently, several studies have shed light on the role of the mycobiome in the development and progression of hepatobiliary diseases. In particular, the fungal genus Candida has been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple hepatobiliary conditions. Herein, we compare colonisation and infection, describe mycobiome findings in the healthy state and across the various hepatobiliary conditions, and point toward communalities. We detail how quantitation of immune responses to fungal antigens can be employed to predict disease severity, e.g. using antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae or specific anti-Candida albicans antibodies. We also show how fungal products (e.g. beta-glucans, candidalysin) activate the host's immune system to exacerbate liver and biliary diseases. Finally, we describe how the gut mycobiome can be modulated to ameliorate hepatobiliary conditions.
Topics: Humans; Mycobiome; Candida; Mycoses; Candida albicans; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Digestive System Diseases
PubMed: 36565724
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.12.006 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Dec 2023Atopic diseases are characterized by type 2 inflammation, with high levels of allergen-specific T2 cell immune responses and elevated production of IgE. These common... (Review)
Review
Atopic diseases are characterized by type 2 inflammation, with high levels of allergen-specific T2 cell immune responses and elevated production of IgE. These common disorders have increased in incidence around the world, which is partly explained by detrimental disturbances to the early-life intestinal microbiome. Although most studies have focused exclusively on bacterial members of the microbiome, intestinal fungi have started to be recognized for their impact on host immune development and atopy pathogenesis. From this perspective, we review recent findings demonstrating the strong interactions between members of the mycobiome and the host immune system early in life, leading to immune tolerance during eubiosis or inducing sensitization and overt T2 cell responses during dysbiosis. Current evidence places intestinal fungi as central players in the development of allergic diseases and potential targets for atopy prevention and treatments.
Topics: Humans; Mycobiome; Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Allergens; Inflammation; Fungi
PubMed: 37865199
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.006 -
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi... Jun 2019The proportion of mycobiome is less than 1% of human microbiome. However, fungal community plays a key role in human health and diseases. With high-throughput sequencing...
The proportion of mycobiome is less than 1% of human microbiome. However, fungal community plays a key role in human health and diseases. With high-throughput sequencing applications, the structure and composition of mycobiome in the mouth, lung, gut, vagina, and skin have been analyzed, and the role of microbiome in diseases has been investigated. Mycobiome also influences the composition of bacteriome and includes key species that maintain the structure and function of microbial communities. Fungi also influence host immune responses. In this review, we summarized the mycobiome com-position at various sites and different diseases and the interactions between fungi-bacteria and fungi-host.
Topics: Bacteria; Disease; Female; Fungi; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Mycobiome
PubMed: 31218869
DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.03.017