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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a small cell wall-lacking bacterium that is a common cause of bronchitis and pneumonia in humans. In addition to its clinical importance, M....
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a small cell wall-lacking bacterium that is a common cause of bronchitis and pneumonia in humans. In addition to its clinical importance, M. pneumoniae has recently been considered a promising model organism for synthetic biology because of its small genome size and unique cell structure. At one cell pole, M. pneumoniae forms the attachment organelle that is responsible for adherence to host cells and gliding motility. The attachment organelle is a membrane protrusion and is composed of number of molecules, including adhesin and cytoskeletal proteins. Genetic manipulation techniques are key research approaches for understanding the structure and the function of this unique molecular machinery. In this chapter, standard genetic engineering methods for this species using the Tn4001 transposon vector are described.
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Adhesins, Bacterial; Genetic Techniques; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Organelles; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Adhesion
PubMed: 36842129
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3060-0_29 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2018The development of an effective system for the treatment of inflammatory diseases requires comprehensive studies of the cellular signaling molecular networks comprising... (Review)
Review
INFLAMMATION AND THE WAYS FOR ITS REGULATION
The development of an effective system for the treatment of inflammatory diseases requires comprehensive studies of the cellular signaling molecular networks comprising responses to various stressors, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms. Significant attention on fundamental and applied research has recently focused on inducers of hemе oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and inhibitors of the expression of this enzyme, which regulates expression of this and other cytoprotective molecules and modulation of inflammation. Recent studies indicate that mycoplasmas (a major group of human pathogens of the Mollicutes) are capable of modulating inflammatory responses through the activation of the Nrf2 and the expression of HO-1. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the membrane lipoproteins (LAMPs), along with lipoprotein derivatives (lipopeptide MALP-2) in mycoplasmas cause a "cross-talk" between the pro- and antiinflammatory signaling pathways. Importantly, lipopeptide/lipoprotein - induced expression of HO-1 tends to suppress inflammation.
CONCLUSION
The study of the molecular network that causes the corresponding outcome can facilitate the development of new approaches for the treatment of inflammatory processes. The derivatives of LAMPs and MALP-2 and of their analogues may prove promising for the treatment of diseases associated with chronic inflammation.
Topics: Enzyme Induction; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Heme Oxygenase-1; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 30014797
DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180716170128 -
Journal of Artificial Organs : the... Mar 2022A major concern in the clinical application of cell therapy is the manufacturing cost of cell products, which mainly depends on quality control. The mycoplasma test, an...
A major concern in the clinical application of cell therapy is the manufacturing cost of cell products, which mainly depends on quality control. The mycoplasma test, an important biological test in cell therapy, takes several weeks to detect a microorganism and is extremely expensive. Furthermore, the manual detection of mycoplasma from images requires high-level expertise. We hypothesized that a mycoplasma identification program using a convolutional neural network could reduce the test time and improve sensitivity. To this end, we developed a program comprising three parts (mycoplasma detection, prediction, and cell counting) that allows users to evaluate the sample and verify infected/non-infected cells identified by the program. In experiments conducted, stained DNA images of positive and negative control using mycoplasma-infected and non-infected Vero cells, respectively, were used as training data, and the program results were compared with those of conventional methods, such as manual counting based on visual observation. The minimum detectable mycoplasma contaminations for manual counting and the proposed program were 10 and 5 CFU (colony-forming unit), respectively, and the test time for manual counting was 20 times that for the proposed program. These results suggest that the proposed system can realize a low-cost and streamlined manufacturing process for cellular products in cell-based research and clinical applications.
Topics: Animals; Chlorocebus aethiops; Deep Learning; Mycoplasma; Vero Cells
PubMed: 34160717
DOI: 10.1007/s10047-021-01282-4 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Oct 2014Mycoplasma suis is an uncultivable bacterium lacking a cell wall that attaches to and may invade the red blood cells of pigs. M. suis infections occur worldwide and... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma suis is an uncultivable bacterium lacking a cell wall that attaches to and may invade the red blood cells of pigs. M. suis infections occur worldwide and cause the pig industry serious economic losses due to the disease known as infectious anaemia of pigs or, historically, porcine eperythrozoonosis. Infectious anaemia of pigs is characterised predominantly by acute haemolytic or chronic anaemia, along with non-specific manifestations, such as growth retardation in feeder pigs and poor reproductive performance in sows. The fastidious nature of M. suis, as well as the lack of an in vitro cultivation system, has hampered the understanding of the biology and pathogenicity of this organism. Pathogenetic mechanisms of M. suis include direct destruction of red blood cells by adhesion, invasion, nutrient scavenging, immune-mediated lysis and eryptosis, as well as endothelial targeting. Recently published genome sequences, in combination with proteome analyses, have generated new insights into the pathogenicity of M. suis. The present review combines these data with the knowledge provided by experimental M. suis infections.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 25128978
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.023 -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Oct 2016Bovine mastitis caused by mycoplasmas, in particular Mycoplasma bovis, is a major problem for milk production and animal welfare in large dairy herds in the USA and a... (Review)
Review
Bovine mastitis caused by mycoplasmas, in particular Mycoplasma bovis, is a major problem for milk production and animal welfare in large dairy herds in the USA and a serious, although sporadic, disease in Europe and the Middle East. It causes severe damage to the udder of cattle and is largely untreatable by chemotherapy. Mycoplasma mastitis has a distinct epidemiology and a unique set of risk factors, the most important of which is large herd size. The disease is often self-limiting, disappearing within months of outbreaks, sometimes without deliberate intervention. Improved molecular diagnostic tests are leading to more rapid detection of mycoplasmas. Typing tests, such as multi-locus sequence typing, can help trace the source of outbreaks. An approach to successful control is proposed, which involves regular monitoring and rapid segregation or culling of infected cows. Serious consideration should be given by owners of healthy dairy herds to the purchase of M. bovis-free replacements. Increased cases of disease could occur in Europe and Israel if the trend for larger dairy herds continues.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma bovis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27687942
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.08.001 -
Genes & Genomics Nov 2021The Gram-negative intracellular bacterium Mycoplasma anatis is a pathogen of respiratory infectious diseases in ducks and has caused significant economic losses in the...
BACKGROUND
The Gram-negative intracellular bacterium Mycoplasma anatis is a pathogen of respiratory infectious diseases in ducks and has caused significant economic losses in the poultry industry.
OBJECTIVE
This study, as the first report of the structure and function of the pan-genome of Mycoplasma anatis, may provide a valuable genetic basis for many aspects of future research on the pathogens of waterfowl.
METHODS
We sequenced the whole genomes of 15 Mycoplasma anatis isolated from ducks in China. Draft genome sequencing was carried out and whole-genome sequencing was performed by the sequencers of the PacBio Sequel and an IonTorrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). Then the common genic elements of protein-coding genes, tRNAs, and rRNAs of Mycoplasma anatis genomes were predicted by using the pipeline Prokka v1.13.7. To investigate homologous protein clusters across Mycoplasma anatis genomes, we adopted Roary v3.13.0 to cluster orthologous genes (OGs) based on the following criteria.
RESULTS
We obtained one complete genome and 14 genome sketches. Microbial mobile genetic element analysis revealed the distribution of insertion sequences (IS30, IS3, and IS1634), prophage regions, and CRISPR arrays in the genome of Mycoplasma anatis. Comparative genomic analysis decoded the genetic components and functional classification of the pan-genome of Mycoplasma anatis that comprised 646 core genes, 231 dispensable genes and among them 110 was strain-specific. Virulence-related gene profiles of Mycoplasma anatis were systematically identified, and the products of these genes included bacterial ABC transporter systems, iron transport proteins, toxins, and secretion systems.
CONCLUSION
A complete virulence-related gene profile of Mycoplasma anatis has been identified, most of the genes are highly conserved in all strains. Sequencing results are relevant to the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance, adaptive evolution of pathogens, population structure, and vaccine development.
Topics: Base Sequence; China; Comparative Genomic Hybridization; Genome, Bacterial; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Mycoplasma; Phylogeny; Prophages; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vaccine Development; Virulence; Virulence Factors; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34181213
DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01129-5 -
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine :... Dec 2021Serpentoviruses (order ) are an important cause of respiratory disease in snakes. Although transmission studies have shown that serpentoviruses can cause respiratory...
Serpentoviruses (order ) are an important cause of respiratory disease in snakes. Although transmission studies have shown that serpentoviruses can cause respiratory disease in pythons, the possible role of additional potential pathogens is not yet understood. Very little information is available on the role of mycoplasma and chlamydia infections in disease in pythons. Diagnostic samples from 271 pythons of different genera submitted to a laboratory for detection of serpentoviruses were also screened for mycoplasma and chlamydia infections by PCR. Most of the samples were oral swabs. Almost 30% of the samples were positive for serpentoviruses, and mycoplasmas were detected in more than 60% of the pythons. The occurrence of these two pathogens correlated significantly ( < 0.001). Additionally, about 3% of the snakes tested positive for . This study found a high prevalence of mycoplasmas in the tested pythons and a correlation between infections with these bacteria and serpentoviruses in python samples submitted for diagnostic testing. Because the role mycoplasmas play in respiratory diseases of snakes is still largely unknown, further investigations are necessary to evaluate the role of mixed infections in disease.
Topics: Animals; Boidae; Chlamydia; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nidovirales; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 34998286
DOI: 10.1638/2021-0076 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Mar 2024Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. especially M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. Sake of the presence of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. especially M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum recognized as an important cause of urogenital infections. Sake of the presence of antibiotic resistance and a continuous rise in resistance, the treatment options are limited, and treatment has become more challenging and costlier.
OBJECTIVES
Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to estimate worldwide resistance rates of genital Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasma to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin) agents.
METHODS
We searched the relevant published studies in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase from until 3, March 2022. All statistical analyses were carried out using the statistical package R.
RESULTS
The 30 studies included in the analysis were performed in 16 countries. In the metadata, the proportions of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin resistance in Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma urogenital isolates were reported 59.8% (95% CI 49.6, 69.1), 31.2% (95% CI 23, 40), 7.3% (95% CI 1, 31), and 5.3% (95% CI 1, 2), respectively. According to the meta-regression, the ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin rate increased over time. There was a statistically significant difference in the fluoroquinolones resistance rates between different continents/countries (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results obtained in this systematic review and meta-analysis we recommend the use of the newer group of fluoroquinolones especially levofloxacin as the first choice for the treatment of genital mycoplasmosis, as well as ofloxacin for the treatment of genital infections caused by U. parvum.
Topics: Humans; Ureaplasma; Mycoplasma; Fluoroquinolones; Levofloxacin; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Moxifloxacin; Mycoplasma hominis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ureaplasma Infections; Urinary Tract Infections; Ciprofloxacin
PubMed: 38016593
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.11.007 -
Cancer Epidemiology Dec 2021Mycoplasmas are emerging sexually transmitted pathogens usually associated with male urinary tract infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), infertility, and prostate... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Mycoplasmas are emerging sexually transmitted pathogens usually associated with male urinary tract infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), infertility, and prostate cancer. In this study, we review the evidence linking mycoplasma infection and prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases were reviewed through January 31, 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if odds ratio for prevalence or incidence of colonization and/or infection were provided or calculable. All included studies were evaluated independently by three reviewers. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Case-Control Studies. Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager Version 5.4. A total of 183/744 (24.6 %) patients with prostate cancer compared to 87/495 (17.58 %) patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tested positive for Mycoplasma spp., while 86/666 (12.91 %) and 11/388 (2.84 %) prostate cancer patients and BPH patients, respectively, had Ureaplasma spp. infections. This meta-analysis showed that prostate cancer patients had 2.24 times higher odds (p = 0.0005) of being colonized with any species of Mycoplasma spp. and 3.6 times increased odds (p = 0.008) of being colonized with any species of Ureaplasma spp. In conclusion, patients with prostate cancer were more likely to be colonized with Mycoplasma spp. or Ureaplasma spp. compared to patients with BPH, which highlights the potential association between chronic infection and cancer. However, more studies are needed to determine the specific role that mycoplasma plays in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
Topics: Humans; Male; Mycoplasma; Persistent Infection; Prostatic Neoplasms; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections
PubMed: 34517226
DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102021 -
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology :... Jul 2022While male infertility has been associated with infections, few studies have investigated the association between infection and male infertility. Therefore, this study...
While male infertility has been associated with infections, few studies have investigated the association between infection and male infertility. Therefore, this study aimed at addressing this issue. Semen samples were collected from 136 patients (68 infertile men and 68 fertile men) in the Central Laboratory of Yazd, Iran. Of semen samples collected from 68 infertile and 68 fertile men, 13 (19.12%) and 2 (2.94%) cases were positive for spp. using PCR, respectively. Among -infected infertile men, 10 and 6 men showed abnormal sperm morphology and motility, respectively. None of the positive samples for spp. was positive for and one of the positive samples for spp. belonged to (strain NBRC 14858). The presence of spp. was significantly higher in infertile men ( = .003). infection was relatively high in infertile men. The surprising issue was the absence of and the presence of strain NBRC 14858 in the semen of infertile men. Therefore, investigating reproductive tract infections caused by other spp. should be taken into consideration in male infertility.Impact statement has been mostly reported as a cause of animal respiratory tract infections and the development of various cancers. Information on the association of with male infertility is not yet available. This study shows that the presence of in the semen of infertile men may be associated with infertility. This study shows that the investigation of unpredictable species of genus such as in the semen of infertile men is essential. The results of the present study indicate that in addition to and , studies on the role of in reproductive tract infections and infertility should be expanded.
Topics: Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Reproductive Tract Infections; Semen
PubMed: 34937499
DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2021.1980510