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Frontiers in Immunology 2023can cause respiratory diseases, arthritis, genitourinary tract infections, and chronic fatigue syndrome and have been linked to the development of the human... (Review)
Review
can cause respiratory diseases, arthritis, genitourinary tract infections, and chronic fatigue syndrome and have been linked to the development of the human immunodeficiency virus. Because mycoplasma lacks a cell wall, its outer membrane lipoproteins are one of the main factors that induce inflammation in the organism and contribute to disease development. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) modulates the inflammatory response of monocytes/macrophages in a bidirectional fashion, indirectly enhances the cytotoxicity of NK cells, promotes oxidative bursts in neutrophils, upregulates surface markers on lymphocytes, enhances antigen presentation on dendritic cells and induces immune inflammatory responses in sebocytes and mesenchymal cells. MALP-2 is a promising vaccine adjuvant for this application. It also promotes vascular healing and regeneration, accelerates wound and bone healing, suppresses tumors and metastasis, and reduces lung infections and inflammation. MALP-2 has a simple structure, is easy to synthesize, and has promising prospects for clinical application. Therefore, this paper reviews the mechanisms of MALP-2 activation in immune cells, focusing on the application of MALP-2 in animals/humans to provide a basis for the study of pathogenesis in and the translation of MALP-2 into clinical applications.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Lipopeptides; Oligopeptides; Macrophages; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma fermentans; Inflammation
PubMed: 36761746
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1113715 -
BMC Veterinary Research Oct 2021Mycoplasma species have been associated with economically important diseases affecting ruminants worldwide and include contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP),...
BACKGROUND
Mycoplasma species have been associated with economically important diseases affecting ruminants worldwide and include contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and contagious agalactia, listed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The Mycoplasma Team at the Animal and Plant Health Agency provides an identification service for Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species of veterinary importance to the United Kingdom (UK), supporting the detection of new and emerging pathogens, as well as contributing to the surveillance of endemic, and the OIE listed diseases exotic to the UK. Mycoplasma and other Mollicutes species were identified from diagnostic samples from farmed ruminants in England and Wales using a combination of culture and 16S rRNA gene-based PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, submitted between 2005 and 2019.
RESULTS
A total of 5578 mollicutes identifications, which include mycoplasmas and the related acholeoplasmas and ureaplasmas, were made from farmed ruminant animals during the study period. Throughout the study period, the pathogen Mycoplasma bovis was consistently the most frequently identified species, accounting for 1411 (32%) of 4447 molecular identifications in cattle, primarily detected in the lungs of pneumonic calves, followed by joints and milk of cattle showing signs of arthritis and mastitis, respectively. M. bovirhinis, M. alkalescens, M. dispar, M. arginini and Ureaplasma diversum, were also common. Mixed species, principally M. bovis with M. alkalescens, M. arginini or M. bovirhinis were also prevalent, particularly from respiratory samples. The non-cultivable blood-borne haemoplasmas Candidatus 'Mycoplasma haemobos' and Mycoplasma wenyonii were identified from cattle, with the latter species most often associated with milk-drop. M. ovipneumoniae was the predominant species identified from sheep and goats experiencing respiratory disease, while M. conjunctivae preponderated in ocular samples. The UK remains free of the ruminant mycoplasmas listed by OIE.
CONCLUSIONS
The continued high prevalence of M. bovis identifications confirms its ongoing dominance and importance as a significant pathogen of cattle in England and Wales, particularly in association with respiratory disease. M. ovipneumoniae has seen a general increase in prevalence in recent years, notably in coughing lambs and should therefore be considered as a primary differential diagnosis of respiratory disease in small ruminants.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; England; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Ruminants; Tenericutes; Wales
PubMed: 34641885
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03037-y -
Animal Biotechnology Dec 2022Avian mycoplasmosis mainly caused by and is an economically important disease of poultry industry. It causes huge economic losses in terms of decrease in weight gain,...
Avian mycoplasmosis mainly caused by and is an economically important disease of poultry industry. It causes huge economic losses in terms of decrease in weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, egg production, hatchability; increase in embryo mortality, carcass condemnation, prophylaxis and treatment cost in broiler, layer and breeder flocks. The disease is caused by four major pathogenic mycoplasmas ., (MG) (MS), (MM) and (MI). The MG and MS are World Organization for Animal Health listed respiratory pathogens. MG causes chronic respiratory disease in chicken and infectious sinusitis in turkey; however, MS causes synovitis and airsacculitis in birds. The infection is transmitted both horizontally and vertically. Prevention and control measures of avian mycoplasmosis mainly comprises of biosecurity, treatment and vaccination. For vaccination of birds, inactivated bacterins, live attenuated and/or recombinant live poxvirus vaccines are commercially available against MG and MS infection. The present systematic review summarizes the different epidemiological studies carried out on MG and MS infection in poultry in different geographical locations of India and abroad over the last decade (2010-2020), economic impact, diagnosis and prevention and control.
Topics: Animals; Poultry; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synoviae; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 33840372
DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316 -
Clinical Laboratory May 2023The latest region-specific panel of mycoplasma species is often crucial for providing insights into local mycoplasma epidemiology and updating clinical practice guidance.
BACKGROUND
The latest region-specific panel of mycoplasma species is often crucial for providing insights into local mycoplasma epidemiology and updating clinical practice guidance.
METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed reports of 4,166 female outpatients detected by the mycoplasma identification verification and antibiotic susceptibility kit from the last five years.
RESULTS
Among them, > 73.3% of cases with Ureaplasma urealyticum or Mycoplasma hominis single infection or co-infection with both species were susceptible to three tetracyclines and one macrolide (josamycin). Additionally, > 84.8%, ≤ 4.4%, and ≤ 39.6% of the U. urealyticum, M. hominis, and co-infection cases, respectively, were susceptible to clarithromycin and roxithromycin. Four quinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and levofloxacin) and three macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin, and acetylspiramycin) were active against < 48.9% of the isolates. Furthermore, 77.8%, 18.4%, and 7.5% of the M. hominis, U. urealyticum, and co-infection cases, respectively, were susceptible to spectinomycin.
CONCLUSIONS
Tetracyclines and josamycin were the best antibiotics for most mycoplasma-infected patients.
Topics: Humans; Female; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Mycoplasma hominis; Retrospective Studies; Josamycin; Outpatients; Prevalence; Coinfection; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections
PubMed: 37145085
DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2022.220912 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Mycoplasmas, the smallest known self-replicating organisms, possess a simple structure, lack a cell wall, and have limited metabolic pathways. They are responsible for... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasmas, the smallest known self-replicating organisms, possess a simple structure, lack a cell wall, and have limited metabolic pathways. They are responsible for causing acute or chronic infections in humans and animals, with a significant number of species exhibiting pathogenicity. Although the innate and adaptive immune responses can effectively combat this pathogen, mycoplasmas are capable of persisting in the host, indicating that the immune system fails to eliminate them completely. Recent studies have shed light on the intricate and sophisticated defense mechanisms developed by mycoplasmas during their long-term co-evolution with the host. These evasion strategies encompass various tactics, including invasion, biofilm formation, and modulation of immune responses, such as inhibition of immune cell activity, suppression of immune cell function, and resistance against immune molecules. Additionally, antigen variation and molecular mimicry are also crucial immune evasion strategies. This review comprehensively summarizes the evasion mechanisms employed by mycoplasmas, providing valuable insights into the pathogenesis of mycoplasma infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immune Evasion; Mycoplasma; Antigenic Variation; Mycoplasma Infections; Cell Wall
PubMed: 37719671
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1247182 -
Archives of Microbiology Aug 2023Surfactin has many biological activities, such as inhibiting plant diseases, resisting bacteria, fungi, viruses, tumors, mycoplasma, anti-adhesion, etc. It has great... (Review)
Review
Surfactin has many biological activities, such as inhibiting plant diseases, resisting bacteria, fungi, viruses, tumors, mycoplasma, anti-adhesion, etc. It has great application potential in agricultural biological control, clinical medical treatment, environmental treatment and other fields. However, the low yield has been the bottleneck of its popularization and application. It is very important to understand the synthesis route and control strategy of surfactin to improve its yield and purity. In this paper, based on the biosynthetic pathway and regulatory factors of surfactin, its biosynthesis regulation strategy was comprehensively summarized, involving enhancement of endogenous and exogenous precursor supply, modification of the synthesis pathway of lipid chain and peptide chain, improvement of secretion and efflux, and manipulation some global regulatory factors, such as Spo0A, AbrB, ComQXP, phrCSF, etc. to directly or indirectly stimulate surfactin synthesis. And the current production and separation and purification process of surfactin are briefly described. This review also provides a scientific reference for promoting surfactin production and its applications in various fields.
Topics: Biological Transport; Agriculture; Mycoplasma; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37603063
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03652-3 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2021
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Ureaplasma
PubMed: 33493329
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab065 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Sep 2022Mycoplasmas are minimal bacteria that infect humans, wildlife, and most economically relevant livestock species. Mycoplasma infections cause a large range of chronic...
Mycoplasmas are minimal bacteria that infect humans, wildlife, and most economically relevant livestock species. Mycoplasma infections cause a large range of chronic inflammatory diseases, eventually leading to death in some animals. Due to the lack of efficient recombination and genome engineering tools for most species, the production of mutant strains for the identification of virulence factors and the development of improved vaccine strains is limited. Here, we demonstrate the adaptation of an efficient Cas9-Base Editor system to introduce targeted mutations into three major pathogenic species that span the phylogenetic diversity of these bacteria: the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum and the two most important bovine mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. . As a proof of concept, we successfully used an inducible SpdCas9-pmcDA1 cytosine deaminase system to disrupt several major virulence factors in these pathogens. Various induction times and inducer concentrations were evaluated to optimize editing efficiency. The optimized system was powerful enough to disrupt 54 of 55 insertion sequence transposases in a single experiment. Whole-genome sequencing of the edited strains showed that off-target mutations were limited, suggesting that most variations detected in the edited genomes are Cas9-independent. This effective, rapid, and easy-to-use genetic tool opens a new avenue for the study of these important animal pathogens and likely the entire class . Mycoplasmas are minimal pathogenic bacteria that infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, livestock, and wild animals. Major pathogenic species cause acute to chronic infections involving still poorly characterized virulence factors. The lack of precise genome editing tools has hampered functional studies of many species, leaving multiple questions about the molecular basis of their pathogenicity unanswered. Here, we demonstrate the adaptation of a CRISPR-derived base editor for three major pathogenic species: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma bovis, and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Several virulence factors were successfully targeted, and we were able to edit up to 54 target sites in a single step. The availability of this efficient and easy-to-use genetic tool will greatly facilitate functional studies of these economically important bacteria.
Topics: Animals; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Cattle; Gene Editing; Humans; Mycoplasma; Phylogeny; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 36000854
DOI: 10.1128/aem.00996-22 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Oct 2023Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum are bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tract. However, their pathogenicity in sexually active or... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Ureaplasma parvum are bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tract. However, their pathogenicity in sexually active or obstetrical patients remains controversial. Therefore, determining the significance of screening and treatment for these organisms is challenging, unlike Mycoplasma genitalium which now has well-defined management guidelines. We conducted a review of the literature to clarify the clinical significance of detecting these micro-organisms. It is crucial to carefully select the few cases that warrant further investigations, in order to mitigate the risks of overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
Topics: Humans; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Ureaplasma; Mycoplasma hominis; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium
PubMed: 37819180
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.845.1835 -
PloS One 2019Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae are agents associated with arthritis in pigs. This study investigated the tonsillar detection patterns of M. hyorhinis and M....
Mycoplasma hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae are agents associated with arthritis in pigs. This study investigated the tonsillar detection patterns of M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in a swine population with a history of lameness. The plausibility of dual PCR detection of these agents in dams at one and three weeks post-farrowing and their offspring at the same time was determined. The association between M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae detection in piglets and potential development of lameness in wean-to-finish stages was evaluated by correlating individual piglet lameness scores and PCR detection in tonsils. Approximately 40% of dams were detected positive for M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae at both one and three weeks post-farrowing. In first parity dams, M. hyorhinis was detected in higher proportions (57.1% and 73.7%) at both weeks of sampling compared to multi-parity dams. A lower proportion of first parity dams (37.5%) were detected positive at week one with M. hyosynoviae and an increase in this proportion to 50% was identified in week three. Only 8.3% of piglets were detected positive for M. hyorhinis in week one compared to week three (50%; p<0.05). The detection of M. hyosynoviae was minimal in piglets at both weeks of sampling (0% and 0.9%). Lameness was scored in pigs 5-22 weeks of age, with the highest score observed at week 5. The correlation between PCR detection and lameness scores revealed that the relative risk of developing lameness post-weaning was significantly associated with detection of M. hyorhinis in piglets at three weeks of age (r = 0.44; p<0.05).The detection pattern of M. hyorhinis and M. hyosynoviae in dams did not reflect the detection pattern in piglets. Results of this study suggest that positive detection of M. hyorhinis in piglets pre-weaning could act as a predictor for lameness development at later production stages.
Topics: Animals; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hyorhinis; Mycoplasma hyosynoviae; Palatine Tonsil; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine; Swine Diseases; Weaning
PubMed: 30605453
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209975