-
Current Opinion in Microbiology Dec 2020Human fungal diseases are a significant global health problem affecting both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Although patients with single-gene inborn... (Review)
Review
Human fungal diseases are a significant global health problem affecting both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Although patients with single-gene inborn errors account for only a small part of patients developing fungal infections, studies of these diseases significantly promoted our understanding of the general mechanisms involved in human antifungal immunity. Recently, substantial breakthroughs in monogenetic causes of fungal infections have been made, which have furthered our knowledge of both new genes of known infections and new phenotypes of reported genes. This review describes recent insights into the human monogenetic errors that cause fungal susceptibility alongside novel genes, phenotypes, and mechanisms of both innate and adaptive immunity. We hope that this review raises awareness of the recently identified monogenetic causes of fungal diseases to facilitate the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Fungi; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mycoses
PubMed: 33039716
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.09.002 -
Mycoses Sep 2017The concept of heteroresistance refers to the heterogeneous susceptibility to an antimicrobial drug in a microorganism population, meaning that some clones may be... (Review)
Review
The concept of heteroresistance refers to the heterogeneous susceptibility to an antimicrobial drug in a microorganism population, meaning that some clones may be resistant and others are susceptible. This phenomenon has been widely studied in bacteria, but little attention has been given to its expression in fungi. We review the available literature on heteroresistance in fungi and invite the reader to recognise this phenomenon as a fungal mechanism to adapt to environmental stress, which may interfere both in resistance and virulence. Finally, heteroresistance may explain the treatment failures to eradicate mycosis in some patients treated with a seemingly appropriate antifungal.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fungi; Humans; Microbial Consortia; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycoses; Virulence
PubMed: 28660647
DOI: 10.1111/myc.12639 -
Bulletin de La Societe de Pathologie... Feb 2017Various infectious agents are classical risk factors for cancer including bacteria, viruses and parasites. There is less evidence concerning the implication of fungal... (Review)
Review
Various infectious agents are classical risk factors for cancer including bacteria, viruses and parasites. There is less evidence concerning the implication of fungal infection in carcinogenesis. The role of chronic Candida infection in the development of squamous cell carcinoma has been suspected for years. Candida sp are more prevalent in potentially malignant disorder and cancer of the oral mucosa. Other epidemiological evidence of a link between Candida infection and cancer is what is observed in patients with Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). Oral and oesophagal carcinoma are frequent in these patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Production of nitrosamine and metabolism of procarcinogen are mecanisms in which Candida sp may be involved in oral cancer development. In chromomycosis and lobomycosis chronic lesions may have a risk of malignant transformation. A diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis appears to increase the risk of lung cancer.
Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Mycoses; Neoplasms; Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune
PubMed: 28188605
DOI: 10.1007/s13149-017-0543-9 -
Frontiers of Medicine Feb 2018With the increasing number of immunocompromised hosts, the epidemiological characteristics of fungal infections have undergone enormous changes worldwide, including in... (Review)
Review
With the increasing number of immunocompromised hosts, the epidemiological characteristics of fungal infections have undergone enormous changes worldwide, including in China. In this paper, we reviewed the existing data on mycosis across China to summarize available epidemiological profiles. We found that the general incidence of superficial fungal infections in China has been stable, but the incidence of tinea capitis has decreased and the transmission route has changed. By contrast, the overall incidence of invasive fungal infections has continued to rise. The occurrence of candidemia caused by Candida species other than C. albicans and including some uncommon Candida species has increased recently in China. Infections caused by Aspergillus have also propagated in recent years, particularly with the emergence of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. An increasing trend of cryptococcosis has been noted in China, with Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii ST 5 genotype isolates as the predominant pathogen. Retrospective studies have suggested that the epidemiological characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in China may be similar to those in other developing countries. Endemic fungal infections, such as sporotrichosis in Northeastern China, must arouse research, diagnostic, and treatment vigilance. Currently, the epidemiological data on mycosis in China are variable and fragmentary. Thus, a nationwide epidemiological research on fungal infections in China is an important need for improving the country's health.
Topics: Animals; China; Fungi; Genotype; Humans; Incidence; Mycoses
PubMed: 29380297
DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0601-0 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Aug 2016There are three broad groups of non-Aspergillus moulds: the mucormycetes, the hyalohyphomycetes and the phaeohyphomycetes. Infections with these pathogens are... (Review)
Review
There are three broad groups of non-Aspergillus moulds: the mucormycetes, the hyalohyphomycetes and the phaeohyphomycetes. Infections with these pathogens are increasingly reported, particularly in the context of increasing use of immunosuppressant agents and improved diagnostics. The epidemiology of non-Aspergillus mould infections varies with geography, climate and level of immunosuppression. Skin and soft-tissue infections are the predominant presentation in the immunocompetent host and pulmonary and other invasive infections in the immunocompromised host. The more common non-Aspergillus moulds include Rhizopus, Mucor, Fusarium and Scedosporium species; however, other emerging pathogens are Rasamsonia and Verruconis species, which are discussed in this article. Outbreaks of non-Aspergillus mould infections have been increasingly reported, with contaminated medical supplies and natural disasters as common sources. Currently culture and other conventional diagnostic methods are the cornerstone of diagnosis. Molecular methods to directly detect and identify mould pathogens in tissue and body fluids are increasingly used.
Topics: Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Management; Disease Outbreaks; Fungi; Humans; Mycoses; Population Surveillance; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26812445
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.01.011 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Sep 2022With the advent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, a wide range of life-threatening maxillofacial fungal coinfections have also been observed in patients. We... (Review)
Review
With the advent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, a wide range of life-threatening maxillofacial fungal coinfections have also been observed in patients. We conducted this systematic review to collate and evaluate the data to enable clinicians to understand the disease pattern and types of mycosis and provide meticulous management of these infections in COVID-19 patients. The review was carried out in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines. A systematic electronic literature search was conducted on major databases using keywords in combination with Boolean Operators. Manuscripts discussing cases of maxillofacial fungal infections in COVID-19 patients were included. A total of 11 studies were systematically reviewed to assess the fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients. Twenty-one cases of mucormycosis, 58 of candidiasis, and 1 each of aspergillosis and mixed infection were observed in the region of head and neck. Significant increase in invasive fungal infection is evident in patients suffering from COVID-19 which could be due to immunosuppression and other pre-existing comorbidities. Early diagnosis and intervention like systemic antifungals or surgical debridement is mandatory to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Topics: COVID-19; Coinfection; Humans; Mycoses; Pandemics
PubMed: 34622312
DOI: 10.1007/s10006-021-01010-5 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Candidiasis is a mycosis caused by opportunistic species. The occurrence of fungal infections has considerably increased in the last few years primarily due to an... (Review)
Review
Candidiasis is a mycosis caused by opportunistic species. The occurrence of fungal infections has considerably increased in the last few years primarily due to an increase in the number of immune-suppressed individuals. Alarming bloodstream infections due to sp. are associated with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality, and are emerged as major healthcare concerns worldwide. Currently, chemotherapy is the sole available option for combating fungal diseases. Moreover, the emergence of resistance to these limited available anti-fungal drugs has further accentuated the concern and highlighted the need for early detection of fungal infections, identification of novel antifungal drug targets, and development of effective therapeutics and prophylactics. Thus, there is an increasing interest in developing safe and potent immune-based therapeutics to tackle fungal diseases. In this context, vaccine design and its development have a priority. Nonetheless, despite significant advances in immune and vaccine biology over time, a viable commercialized vaccine remains awaited against fungal infections. In this minireview, we enumerate various concerted efforts made till date towards the development of anti- vaccines, an option with pan-fugal vaccine, vaccines in the clinical trial, challenges, and future opportunities.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Humans; Mycoses; Vaccines
PubMed: 36061876
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1002406 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Mar 2016
Topics: Humans; Mycoses
PubMed: 26897069
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2015.12.001 -
Seminars in Respiratory and Critical... Jun 2021Invasive fungal infections threaten lung transplant outcomes with high associated morbidity and mortality. Pharmacologic prophylaxis may be key to prevent posttransplant...
Invasive fungal infections threaten lung transplant outcomes with high associated morbidity and mortality. Pharmacologic prophylaxis may be key to prevent posttransplant invasive fungal infections, but cost, adverse effects, and absorption issues are barriers to effective prophylaxis. Trends in fungal infection diagnostic strategies utilize molecular diagnostic methodologies to complement traditional histopathology and culture techniques. While lung transplant recipients are susceptible to a variety of fungal pathogens, spp. and spp. infections remain the most common. With emerging resistant organisms and multiple novel antifungal agents in the research pipeline, it is likely that treatment strategies will continue to evolve.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Humans; Invasive Fungal Infections; Lung Transplantation; Mycoses
PubMed: 34030208
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729173 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Apr 2015The most common disorders of the equine guttural pouches are empyema, tympany, mycosis, and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. Diagnosis of these conditions is made... (Review)
Review
The most common disorders of the equine guttural pouches are empyema, tympany, mycosis, and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. Diagnosis of these conditions is made primarily by imaging with endoscopy, radiographs, computed tomography, and/or MRI. Medical treatment with anti-inflammatories, antimicrobials, and/or antifungals may be successful in some cases, but many of these disorders necessitate surgical intervention. Direct surgical approaches to the guttural pouch are difficult because of their complex anatomy and relationship with important structures, thus precipitating a move toward minimally invasive procedures when possible.
Topics: Animals; Eustachian Tube; Horse Diseases; Horses; Mycoses; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases
PubMed: 25770066
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.010