-
Surgical Oncology Clinics of North... Jul 2022Leiomyosarcomas are soft tissue tumors that are derived from smooth muscle mainly in the pelvis and retroperitoneum. Percutaneous biopsy is paramount to confirm... (Review)
Review
Leiomyosarcomas are soft tissue tumors that are derived from smooth muscle mainly in the pelvis and retroperitoneum. Percutaneous biopsy is paramount to confirm diagnosis. Imaging is necessary to complete clinical staging. Multimodal treatment should be directed by expert sarcoma multidisciplinary teams that see a critical volume of these rare tumors. Surgery is the mainstay of curative intent treatment; however due to its high metastatic progression, there may be a benefit for neoadjuvant systemic treatment. Adjuvant systemic treatment has no proven disease-free survival, and its main role is in the palliative setting to potentially prolong overall survival.
Topics: Combined Modality Therapy; Disease-Free Survival; Humans; Leiomyosarcoma; Sarcoma; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 35715148
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2022.03.011 -
Seminars in Reproductive Medicine Mar 2017Uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyoma (UL), are monoclonal tumors of the smooth muscle tissue layer (myometrium) of the uterus. Although ULs are considered... (Review)
Review
Uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyoma (UL), are monoclonal tumors of the smooth muscle tissue layer (myometrium) of the uterus. Although ULs are considered benign, uterine fibroids are the source of major quality-of-life issues for approximately 25% of all women, who suffer from clinically significant symptoms of UL. Despite the prevalence of UL, there is no treatment option for UL which is long term, cost-effective, and leaves fertility intact. The lack of understanding about the etiology of UL contributes to the scarcity of medical therapies available. Studies have identified an important role for sex steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of UL, and have driven the use of hormonal treatment for fibroids, with mixed results. Dysregulation of cell signaling pathways, miRNA expression, and cytogenetic abnormalities have also been implicated in UL etiology. Recent discoveries on the etiology of UL and the development of relevant genetically modified rodent models of UL have started to revitalize UL research. This review outlines the major characteristics of fibroids; major contributors to UL etiology, including steroid hormones; and available preclinical animal models for UL.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Leiomyoma; Phenotype; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction; Uterine Neoplasms
PubMed: 28278535
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599090 -
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology Jan 2021Mesenchymal lesions of the vulva include site-specific entities limited to the lower genital tract, as well as a range of non-site-specific tumors that are more common... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal lesions of the vulva include site-specific entities limited to the lower genital tract, as well as a range of non-site-specific tumors that are more common at extragenital sites. Site-specific lesions include fibroepithelial stromal polyp, cellular angiofibroma, angiomyofibroblastoma, and aggressive angiomyxoma. Non-site-specific tumors that may occur in the vulva include those of smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, vascular, neural, adipocytic, and uncertain differentiation. This review discusses both site-specific and non-site-specific vulvar mesenchymal lesions including non-neoplastic proliferations, benign neoplasms, locally aggressive neoplasms with a predilection for local recurrence, neoplasms of indeterminate biologic potential, and frankly malignant neoplasms with a high risk of distant metastasis and death. Accurate diagnosis is essential for proper management, and is facilitated by correlation with clinical findings and targeted application of immunohistochemical and molecular studies.
Topics: Angiofibroma; Female; Humans; Myxoma; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue; Polyps; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Vulva; Vulvar Neoplasms
PubMed: 32958293
DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2020.09.003 -
Surgical Pathology Clinics Mar 2019Myogenic sarcomas include soft tissue sarcomas that show skeletal muscle differentiation (rhabdomyosarcoma) and those with smooth muscle differentiation... (Review)
Review
Myogenic sarcomas include soft tissue sarcomas that show skeletal muscle differentiation (rhabdomyosarcoma) and those with smooth muscle differentiation (leiomyosarcoma). Rhabdomyosarcomas are more common in the pediatric age group and leiomyosarcomas occur more often in the adult population. Based on the clinico-pathologic features and genetic abnormalities identified, the rhabdomyosarcomas are classified into embryonal, alveolar, spindle cell/sclerosing, and pleomorphic subtypes. Each subtype shows distinctive morphology and has characteristic genetic abnormalities. In this update on myogenic sarcomas, each entity is discussed with special emphasis on recent updates in genetic findings and the diagnostic approach to these tumors.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Cell Differentiation; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Mutation; MyoD Protein; Myosarcoma; Prognosis; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 30709448
DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2018.10.003 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jan 2018Mesenchymal tumors of the prostate are rare but often cause considerable diagnostic difficulty when encountered. These may be either benign or malignant and can arise... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal tumors of the prostate are rare but often cause considerable diagnostic difficulty when encountered. These may be either benign or malignant and can arise within the prostate gland or in adjacent tissues. This review covers prostatic stromal proliferations (prostatic stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential and stromal sarcoma), solitary fibrous tumor, myofibroblastic proliferations, smooth muscle neoplasms (leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma), gastrointestinal stromal tumor, schwannoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, postradiation sarcoma, and mixed epithelial stromal tumor of the seminal vesicle. Differential diagnostic considerations are emphasized, including descriptions of helpful histological and/or clinical clues and the use of adjuvant diagnostic techniques.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Humans; Male; Mesoderm; Neoplasms, Connective Tissue; Neurilemmoma; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Rhabdomyosarcoma; Smooth Muscle Tumor; Solitary Fibrous Tumors
PubMed: 29297486
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.155 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Sep 2021
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Medical Illustration; Myofibroblasts; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue; Young Adult
PubMed: 31760795
DOI: 10.1177/0145561319890165 -
Pathology Mar 2022Histological examination of liver biopsies and resection specimens remains the gold standard to establish a definitive diagnosis of liver lesions. While hepatocellular... (Review)
Review
Histological examination of liver biopsies and resection specimens remains the gold standard to establish a definitive diagnosis of liver lesions. While hepatocellular carcinoma remains the most commonly encountered liver lesion on mass-directed biopsies, surgical pathologists must be aware of other entities that may pose diagnostic challenges, as an accurate diagnosis is key for patient management. Mesenchymal tumours of the liver are relatively uncommon, therefore many pathologists are unfamiliar with these tumours. While the clinical presentation and radiological features of these lesions often overlap, careful attention to histological clues can assist in weeding out various congeners to arrive at the most accurate diagnosis. An additional challenge when diagnosing mesenchymal tumours is the specimen type, as mass-directed core biopsies are limited and have become standard clinical practice. Besides careful attention to histological features, radiological findings and clinical history, immunohistochemical analysis and molecular studies have become of immense diagnostic value. In this review, we discuss several common and rare mesenchymal hepatic lesions as defined in the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification and most up-to-date literature. We also discuss immunohistochemistry panels and relevant molecular findings that may assist in rendering an accurate diagnosis when encountering these lesions in daily practice.
Topics: Angiomyolipoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Hamartoma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue; Neoplasms, Vascular Tissue; Sarcoma
PubMed: 34965900
DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.09.022 -
Clinical Radiology Jun 2015Mesenchymal breast lesions encompass a variety of breast diseases. Many of these lesions are rare with only a few case reports in the literature. This article reviews... (Review)
Review
Mesenchymal breast lesions encompass a variety of breast diseases. Many of these lesions are rare with only a few case reports in the literature. This article reviews the imaging findings of selected mesenchymal breast lesions, their clinical presentations and method of diagnosis. Mesenchymal lesions are diverse and include haemangioma, granular cell tumour, myofibroblastoma, fibromatosis, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. It is important for radiologists to be aware of these lesions as some of them may have malignant potential or demonstrate imaging features that overlap with other malignant lesions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Fibroma; Granular Cell Tumor; Hemangioma; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mammography; Mesenchymoma; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue; Young Adult
PubMed: 25638601
DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2014.12.015 -
The Practitioner Mar 2017Fibroids are benign, hormone-dependent tumours of uterine smooth muscle and connective tissue. They are commonly asymptomatic, but can cause symptoms such as heavy... (Review)
Review
Fibroids are benign, hormone-dependent tumours of uterine smooth muscle and connective tissue. They are commonly asymptomatic, but can cause symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pressure symptoms. Between 20 to 30% of women with heavy menstrual bleeding have fibroids. Fibroids are most prevalent in women aged 30-50 years and there may be a genetic predisposition. They are more common in black women than white women. Other risk factors include obesity and nulliparity. Asymptomatic women should only be referred if their uterus is palpable abdominally, if fibroids distort the uterine cavity or the uterus is larger than 12 cm in length. Symptomatic women should be referred when heavy menstrual bleeding has not responded to medical treatment, if large fibroids are causing pressure symptoms or when fibroids are associated with fertility or obstetric problems. Malignant change (leiomyosarcoma) is rare in premenopausal women. Fast track referral is indicated for women with rapid onset and progressive symptoms or rapidly enlarging fibroids, as these symptoms are suspicious of leiomyosarcoma; postmenopausal women presenting with enlarging fibroids or vaginal bleeding; and women with fibroids with any other features of cancer e.g. abnormal bleeding or weight loss.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Leiomyoma; Middle Aged; Uterine Neoplasms
PubMed: 29139277
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Apr 2018
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Corneal Ulcer; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Entropion; Fatal Outcome; Male; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue; Orbital Neoplasms
PubMed: 29595387
DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.8.937