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Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2022The history of the thyroid dates from 2697 BCE when the "Yellow Emperor" Hung Ti described the use of seaweed to treat goiter. The English name "thyroid" was coined by... (Review)
Review
The history of the thyroid dates from 2697 BCE when the "Yellow Emperor" Hung Ti described the use of seaweed to treat goiter. The English name "thyroid" was coined by Thomas Wharton in 1656 from the Greek word for a shield. Bernard Courtois discovered iodine in 1811 when he noted a residual purplish ash while burning seaweed. Robert Graves is known for his classic 1835 report of "palpitations, goiter, and exophthalmos" in three women, but Caleb Parry observed the same clinical features in 1786. The clinical syndrome we now recognize as hypothyroidism was characterized as "myxoedema" in 1878 by William Ord at St. Thomas Hospital. In 1891, George Murray reported that injection of thyroid extract from sheep led to improvement in symptoms in a woman with myxedema. Thomas Kocher, who reported that patients with goiter who underwent complete thyroidectomy developed cachexia strumipriva, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1909. Edward Kendall discovered "thyroxin" on Christmas day in 1914. Studies by David Marine that iodine treatment prevented endemic goiter led to salt iodination, which has largely eradicated endemic cretinism. In 1973, Jean Dussault reported detection of congenital hypothyroidism by screening newborn populations.
Topics: Female; Male; Animals; Humans; Sheep; Goiter; Thyroidectomy; Hypothyroidism; Myxedema; Iodine
PubMed: 36446327
DOI: 10.1159/000526621 -
Nursing Jul 2022Myxedema coma (MC) develops from a long-standing, unrecognized, or untreated hypothyroidism. This article discusses the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations,...
Myxedema coma (MC) develops from a long-standing, unrecognized, or untreated hypothyroidism. This article discusses the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and nursing considerations for patients with MC.
Topics: Coma; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Myxedema
PubMed: 35752902
DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0000832344.83659.a4 -
Medicina Clinica May 2019
Topics: Adult; Graves Disease; Humans; Leg Dermatoses; Male; Myxedema
PubMed: 30337109
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.08.011 -
Endocrine Practice : Official Journal... Oct 2018
Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Leg Dermatoses; Middle Aged; Myxedema; Skin Ulcer; Venous Insufficiency
PubMed: 29688764
DOI: 10.4158/EP-2018-0053 -
Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and... 2022
Topics: Elephantiasis; Humans; Leg Dermatoses; Myxedema
PubMed: 33657829
DOI: 10.1177/1203475421995717 -
Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Mar 2021Endocrine disorders are the result of insufficient or excessive hormonal production. The clinical course is long, and the manifestations are nonspecific due to the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Endocrine disorders are the result of insufficient or excessive hormonal production. The clinical course is long, and the manifestations are nonspecific due to the systemic effect of hormones across many organs and systems including the nervous system. This is a narrative review of the recent evidence of the diagnosis and treatment approach of these medical and neurological emergencies.
RECENT FINDINGS
With the possible exception of diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, and hypoglycemia, endocrinological emergencies are complex, uncommon yet life-threatening conditions with protean and often nonspecific early clinical signs. They frequently are the first manifestation of the endocrine derangement. The systemic effects of hormones extend to the nervous system and as such, these conditions can present with neurological complications manifested, in most cases, by a diffuse dysfunction of the brain in the form of encephalopathy, delirium, seizures, and coma; or specific and peculiar syndromes such as hemichorea, hemiballism, and epilepsia partialis continua. The severity of these conditions often necessitates management in the intensive care unit requiring substantial supportive care in addition to specific targeted therapy to correct the hormonal metabolic abnormalities while at the same time blocking hormonal activity, in cases of excessive function, or supplementing hormonal deficiencies. Endocrine emergencies and their neurological complications are infrequent. The major challenge for most is early recognition. Their morbidity and mortality are high and their diagnosis requires high index of suspicion. The neurological complication most often improves with the correction of the metabolic derangement and their acuity and severity require admission to the intensive care unit.
Topics: Coma; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Emergencies; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; Humans; Myxedema; Pregnancy
PubMed: 33709163
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01105-2 -
Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2019Localized myxedema is most commonly described in patients with hyperthyroidism, especially Graves' disease. Although pretibial myxedema generally appears as indurated...
Localized myxedema is most commonly described in patients with hyperthyroidism, especially Graves' disease. Although pretibial myxedema generally appears as indurated plaques on the shins, it has also been rarely reported in other areas such as the face, shoulders, arms, and abdomen. We report a rare case of preradial myxedema in a hyperthyroid patient who was taking thyroxine post thyroidectomy for goiter. To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first case of preradial myxedema, due to long-term intake of thyroxine, reported in the English dermatological literature.
PubMed: 30984592
DOI: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_161_18 -
Cureus Aug 2020Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug often used to treat supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias with high efficacy. Amiodarone is associated with thyroid...
Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug often used to treat supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias with high efficacy. Amiodarone is associated with thyroid dysfunction, which can lead to myxedema coma (MC) in undiagnosed cases. Amiodarone-induced MC is a life-threatening condition that presents a complex diagnostic challenge to emergency physicians. A 71-year-old male with a past medical history of congestive heart failure presented unresponsive to the emergency department with bradycardia and syncope. His medications included amiodarone. Work-up showed hypothermia, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of 52.2 uIU/mL, and low free T of 0.64 ng/dL. This case suggests the importance of thyroid panels in the management of patients who are using amiodarone long-term. This case also highlights a simple and effective treatment for amiodarone-induced MC.
PubMed: 32850263
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9902 -
FP Essentials Mar 2022Hypothyroidism is caused by deficient thyroid hormone production secondary to autoimmune disease or insufficient iodine consumption or as a complication of...
Hypothyroidism is caused by deficient thyroid hormone production secondary to autoimmune disease or insufficient iodine consumption or as a complication of hyperthyroidism management. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and cold intolerance. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening for hypothyroidism, but some organizations support screening in special populations. If hypothyroidism is suspected, initial laboratory evaluation consists of a serum thyrotropin (TSH) measurement with reflex testing of free thyroxine (T). Thyroid function tests must be interpreted carefully because acute illness, diet, and drugs may alter values. Overt hypothyroidism occurs when a patient has an elevated TSH level and a low free T level with symptoms of hypothyroidism. Management includes thyroid hormone replacement, ideally levothyroxine. Subclinical hypothyroidism is characterized by an elevated TSH level with a normal T value. The decision to treat subclinical hypothyroidism should be based on patient characteristics and shared decision-making discussions. Special consideration should be taken in treating patients with high-risk conditions, including heart disease, pregnancy, and myxedema coma, and in patients requiring high-dose levothyroxine. Thyroid hormone should be titrated based on goal TSH values, symptoms, and potential treatment adverse effects.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine
PubMed: 35235282
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Case Reports Oct 2020BACKGROUND Myxedema coma is an uncommon severe thyroid disorder that is fatal in 25-60% of cases. Although the differential diagnosis for altered mental status is...
BACKGROUND Myxedema coma is an uncommon severe thyroid disorder that is fatal in 25-60% of cases. Although the differential diagnosis for altered mental status is extensive, including many more common causes such as infection, medication changes, electrolyte abnormalities, and exacerbation of chronic illnesses, profound hypothyroidism is an uncommon cause that can be overlooked. CASE REPORT We describe the case of a 71-year-old man on long-term amiodarone treatment for atrial fibrillation who presented with altered mental status initially ascribed to uremia, hyponatremia, and pneumonia. When his mental status did not resolve, thyroid tests showed his thyroid-stimulating hormone level was 89 μIU/mL, along with clinical criteria for myxedema coma. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that thyroid function tests should be considered in encephalopathic older adults on amiodarone.
Topics: Aged; Amiodarone; Coma; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Male; Myxedema; Thyroid Function Tests
PubMed: 33037175
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.926757