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Survey of Ophthalmology 2020Ocular trauma is a significant cause of blindness worldwide, particularly if associated with glaucoma. Direct damage from blunt or penetrating trauma, bleeding,... (Review)
Review
Ocular trauma is a significant cause of blindness worldwide, particularly if associated with glaucoma. Direct damage from blunt or penetrating trauma, bleeding, inflammation, lens-related problems, orbital and brain vascular pathologies related to trauma, and chemical injuries may increase intraocular pressure and lead to traumatic glaucoma. Treatment may be as simple as eliminating the underlying cause in some conditions or management can be challenging, depending on the mechanism of damage. If proper management is not undertaken, visual outcomes can be poor. We discuss a broad spectrum of trauma-related mechanisms of intraocular pressure elevation, as well as their management.
Topics: Disease Management; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Ocular Hypertension; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 32057763
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.02.003 -
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Dec 2017
Topics: Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Ocular Hypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Uveitis
PubMed: 29265966
DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1415077 -
Journal of Glaucoma Feb 2020Electrophysiological testing of the visual system has been continuously used in studies involving the evaluation of retinal ganglion cells and the diagnosis of glaucoma.... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Electrophysiological testing of the visual system has been continuously used in studies involving the evaluation of retinal ganglion cells and the diagnosis of glaucoma. This study aims to review the results of recent studies regarding the clinical applicability of electrophysiological tests to glaucoma.
METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was carried out by 2 independent reviewers using the PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases, searching for articles published in English from January 1, 2014 to July 1, 2019 using a combination of the following keywords: ("glaucoma" OR "ocular hypertension") AND ("electrophysiolog" OR "electroretinogra" OR "ERG" OR "mfERG" OR "Pattern-reversal electroretinography" OR "PERG" OR "mfPERG" OR "photopic negative response" OR "pattern electroretinogram" OR "visual evoked potential" OR "multifocal electroretinography" OR "multifocal electroretinogram" OR "electro-oculography" OR "multifocal VEP" OR "mf-ERG"). A total of 38 studies were selected and the data of 30 of them were tabulated in this review.
RESULTS
Among the 30 studies selected, the photopic negative response and the reversal pattern electroretinogram were found to be the major methods used to record the electroretinographic responses generated by the retinal ganglion cell. Their multifocal versions and the multifocal visual evoked potential were also proposed during this period. In general, the results underscored a consistent but general correlation between the amplitude and latency measures and routine tests for glaucoma, such as perimetry and optical coherence tomography.
DISCUSSION
In agreement with previous reviews, clinical electrophysiological testing of the visual system reasonably matched with both the structural and functional analyses for glaucoma. No definitive indications of these tests have been established either at early detection or during follow-up of the disease, and easier protocols and better topographical correspondence with current glaucoma tests are warranted for their routine use.
Topics: Electrooculography; Electrophysiology; Electroretinography; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Ocular Hypertension; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Field Tests; Visual Fields
PubMed: 31809397
DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001422 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Sep 2016The projected number of people who will develop age-related macular degeneration in estimated at 2020 is 196 million and is expected to reach 288 million in 2040. Also,... (Review)
Review
The projected number of people who will develop age-related macular degeneration in estimated at 2020 is 196 million and is expected to reach 288 million in 2040. Also, the number of people with Diabetic retinopathy will grow from 126.6 million in 2010 to 191.0 million by 2030. In addition, it is estimated that there are 2.3 million people suffering from uveitis worldwide. Because of the anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids (GCs), they are often used topically and/or intravitreally to treat ocular inflammation conditions or edema associated with macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Unfortunately, ocular GC therapy can lead to severe side effects. Serious and sometimes irreversible eye damage can occur as a result of the development of GC-induced ocular hypertension causing secondary open-angle glaucoma. According to the world health organization, glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world and it is estimated that 80 million will suffer from glaucoma by 2020. In the current review, mechanisms of GC-induced damage in ocular tissue, GC-resistance, and enhancing GC therapy will be discussed.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Ocular Hypertension; Receptors, Glucocorticoid
PubMed: 27388141
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.018 -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Mar 2022To explore the national trend in prescriptions for glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT) in France between 2014 and 2019.
PURPOSE
To explore the national trend in prescriptions for glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT) in France between 2014 and 2019.
METHODS
This is a retrospective descriptive study based on prescription data from the Primary Health Insurance Fund databases. All patients with a social security number who received one or more glaucoma/OHT prescriptions between 2014 and 2019 were identified. Figures for 2020 are not yet available as of the date of submission of this article. Demographic characteristics from Common Classification of Medical Acts information and from National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies were analyzed. The data analysis was carried out using the R version 3.6.2.software from the available databases of the Information Systems Medicalization Program.
RESULTS
Our results suggest an increase in the number of patients treated with glaucoma drugs, which cannot be explained simply by demographic growth. There is also a change in drug prescription habits, both in the class of medication used and in the use of fixed combinations. We also note the increasing use of SLT (Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty), a relatively newer tool in the therapeutic arsenal. Over the same time period, demographic characteristics remained stable; age and sex distribution for each year remained constant. In addition, the phenomenon of poor therapeutic compliance, which we attempted to explore, remained stable.
DISCUSSION
This study updates the French epidemiologic data available on prescriptions for glaucoma and ocular hypertension, a true public health concern.
CONCLUSION
On the one hand, prescribing practices have evolved over the study period. On the other hand, the number of patients treated has increased faster than the growth of the French population over the same period. These findings are consistent with trends observed in previous studies.
Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Laser Therapy; Ocular Hypertension; Prescriptions; Retrospective Studies; Trabeculectomy
PubMed: 35063295
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.05.012 -
Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) May 2018Pars plana vitrectomy has been reported to increase the risk of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma. The authors conducted a systematic review of randomized and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
Pars plana vitrectomy has been reported to increase the risk of ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma. The authors conducted a systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized studies to compare the incidence of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in vitrectomized versus nonvitrectomized eyes.
METHODS
A literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE until August 2016. Data on ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma incidence and mean intraocular pressure after at least 1 year were pooled using random-effects metaanalysis models. Because only nonrandomized studies were retrieved, ROBINS-I tool was used to assess risk of bias in the review.
RESULTS
Seven included studies had a paired design to compare the outcomes of vitrectomized versus fellow eyes, with mean follow-up of least 12 months. Four studies (851 patients) provided data on open-angle glaucoma: incidence in vitrectomized versus non-vitrectomized eyes was 7.8% and 4.8%, respectively, yielding a metaanalytic odds ratio of 1.67 (95% CI: 1.08-2.57). Six studies (1,060 patients) reported on the occurrence of ocular hypertension, which was 5.8% in vitrectomized eyes versus 3.1% in fellow eyes (odds ratio: 2.03, 95% CI: 0.97-4.22), without significant differences in the mean postoperative intraocular pressure (mean difference 0.31 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.26 to 0.89).
CONCLUSION
Although the review found increased risk of open-angle glaucoma with pars plana vitrectomy, the studies were heterogenous or inconsistent regarding ocular hypertension and intraocular pressure increase. Larger studies should be conducted in homogenous cohorts of patients undergoing macular surgery, excluding complex conditions such as retinal detachment or diabetic retinopathy.
Topics: Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Incidence; Intraocular Pressure; Nerve Fibers; Ocular Hypertension; Retina; Vitrectomy
PubMed: 28426628
DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001651 -
Drugs & Aging Jun 2020Bimatoprost implant (Durysta™), developed by Allergan, is a sustained-release drug delivery system containing bimatoprost, a prostaglandin analogue with ocular... (Review)
Review
Bimatoprost implant (Durysta™), developed by Allergan, is a sustained-release drug delivery system containing bimatoprost, a prostaglandin analogue with ocular hypotensive activity. The implant, administered intracamerally, involves the use of a biodegradable, solid polymer drug delivery system for slow, sustained drug release, designed to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) over a 4- to 6-months period. In March 2020, bimatoprost implant received its first approval, in the USA, for use to reduce IOP in patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). Allergan's clinical development programme for bimatoprost implant is ongoing. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of bimatoprost implant leading to this first approval for use in the reduction of IOP in patients with OAG or OHT.
Topics: Bimatoprost; Drug Approval; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Ocular Hypertension; Prostheses and Implants
PubMed: 32447639
DOI: 10.1007/s40266-020-00769-8 -
Survey of Ophthalmology 2020Glaucoma secondary to ocular inflammation is potentially blinding and requires aggressive multifaceted management. The pathogenesis is related to the intraocular... (Review)
Review
Glaucoma secondary to ocular inflammation is potentially blinding and requires aggressive multifaceted management. The pathogenesis is related to the intraocular pressure elevation secondary to compromised aqueous humor outflow by inflammatory cells, chemical mediators released into the aqueous, and to the uveitic therapy itself (corticosteroid induced). The management of uveitic glaucoma needs a careful combination between anti-inflammatory therapy and appropriate intraocular pressure-lowering drugs to prevent worsening of condition and long-term visual loss. Although there have been novel medications that have emerged in the management of glaucoma and uveitis, around 30% of uveitic glaucoma eyes do not respond to maximal medical therapy and require surgical intervention. Studied procedures include laser therapy, filtration surgery, and glaucoma drainage devices, as well as recent surgical techniques for intraocular pressure control such as minimally invasive glaucoma surgery and angle-based procedures. We review and update the medical and surgical management of uveitic glaucoma.
Topics: Disease Management; Glaucoma; Humans; Intraocular Pressure; Ocular Hypertension; Uveitis
PubMed: 31816329
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.12.003 -
Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology.... Dec 2014Ocular hypertension is a common and important problem seen by eye care providers. This review presents a practical approach to individuals with ocular hypertension. It... (Review)
Review
Ocular hypertension is a common and important problem seen by eye care providers. This review presents a practical approach to individuals with ocular hypertension. It describes the common functional and structural investigations used in evaluation, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each test. This review also discusses several landmark studies on ocular hypertension and provides a practical guide to the management of this problem.
Topics: Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Nerve Fibers; Ocular Hypertension; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Risk Assessment; Scanning Laser Polarimetry; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Field Tests
PubMed: 25433737
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.06.013 -
Vestnik Oftalmologii 2022Intravitreal injections (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration with choroidal... (Review)
Review
Intravitreal injections (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization have become much more popular nowadays. Anti-VEGF therapy is generally well-tolerated; however, one of its possible side effects is ocular hypertension - elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) above the accepted norm, but without structural and functional changes in the retina and optic nerve common for glaucoma. The average duration of IOP elevation is 30 to 60 minutes, but it can increase when the patient has primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). There is currently no uniform understanding of the pathogenesis of elevated IOP after IVI, as well as the effect of IOP fluctuations on the functional prognosis and the condition of the ocular tunics. This review considers the main causes and mechanisms of IOP elevation after IVI, analyzes recent publications on the consequences of ocular hypertension for the neurosensory part of the retina and the optic nerve, and examines the conditions for transition of IOP fluctuations into clinically significant ocular hypertension or POAG.
Topics: Humans; Intravitreal Injections; Endothelial Growth Factors; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Bevacizumab; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Ocular Hypertension; Glaucoma; Intraocular Pressure; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Ranibizumab
PubMed: 36287161
DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2022138052234