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Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2021This article reviews odontogenic and developmental oral lesions encountered in the gnathic region of pediatric patients. The process of odontogenesis is discussed as it... (Review)
Review
This article reviews odontogenic and developmental oral lesions encountered in the gnathic region of pediatric patients. The process of odontogenesis is discussed as it is essential to understanding the pathogenesis of odontogenic tumors. The clinical presentation, microscopic features, and prognosis are addressed for odontogenic lesions in the neonate (dental lamina cysts/gingival cysts of the newborn, congenital (granular cell) epulis of the newborn, melanotic neuroectodermal tumor, choristoma/heterotopia, cysts of foregut origin), lesions associated with unerupted/erupting teeth (hyperplastic dental follicle, eruption cyst, dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst/keratocystic odonogenic tumor, buccal bifurcation cyst/inflammatory collateral cyst) and pediatric odontogenic hamartomas and tumors (odontoma, ameloblastic fibroma, ameloblastoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, primordial odontogenic tumor). Pediatric odontogenic and developmental oral lesions range from common to rare, but familiarity with these entities is essential due to the varying management implications of these diagnoses.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Jaw Diseases; Male; Odontogenesis; Tooth Abnormalities
PubMed: 33723756
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01284-3 -
Trends in Molecular Medicine May 2021Tooth defects are an extremely common health condition that affects millions of individuals. Currently used dental repair treatments include fillings for caries,... (Review)
Review
Tooth defects are an extremely common health condition that affects millions of individuals. Currently used dental repair treatments include fillings for caries, endodontic treatment for pulp necrosis, and dental implants to replace missing teeth, all of which rely on the use of synthetic materials. By contrast, the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and dentistry (TERMD) use biologically based therapeutic strategies for vital tissue regeneration, and thus have the potential to regenerate living tissues. Methods to create bioengineered replacement teeth benefit from a detailed understanding of the molecular signaling networks regulating natural tooth development. We discuss how key signaling pathways regulating natural tooth development are being exploited for applications in TERMD approaches for vital tooth regeneration.
Topics: Humans; Odontogenesis; Regenerative Medicine; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds; Tooth; Tooth Germ
PubMed: 33781688
DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.02.005 -
International Journal of Oral Science Jan 2023Tooth number abnormality is one of the most common dental developmental diseases, which includes both tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. Tooth development is... (Review)
Review
Tooth number abnormality is one of the most common dental developmental diseases, which includes both tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. Tooth development is regulated by numerous developmental signals, such as the well-known Wnt, BMP, FGF, Shh and Eda pathways, which mediate the ongoing complex interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme. Abnormal expression of these crutial signalling during this process may eventually lead to the development of anomalies in tooth number; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we summarized the major process of tooth development, the latest progress of mechanism studies and newly reported clinical investigations of tooth number abnormality. In addition, potential treatment approaches for tooth number abnormality based on developmental biology are also discussed. This review not only provides a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of tooth number abnormality in clinical practice but also facilitates the translation of basic research to the clinical application.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Odontogenesis; Signal Transduction; Tooth; Humans
PubMed: 36604408
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00208-x -
American Journal of Orthodontics and... Oct 2015This article is a review that enumerates the causes of impaction of the maxillary permanent canines, including hard tissue obstructions, soft tissue lesions, and... (Review)
Review
This article is a review that enumerates the causes of impaction of the maxillary permanent canines, including hard tissue obstructions, soft tissue lesions, and anomalies of neighboring teeth, and discusses the much-argued relationship between environmental and genetic factors. These phenomena have been shown in many investigations to accompany the diagnosis of canine impaction and have been presented as unrelated anomalous features, each of which is etiologically construed as genetic, including the aberrant canine itself. While in general the influence of genetics pervades the wider picture, a guidance theory proposes an alternative etiologic line of reasoning and interpretation of these studies, in which the same genetically determined anomalous features provide an abnormal milieu in which the canine is reared and from which it is guided in its misdirected and often abortive path of eruption.
Topics: Cuspid; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans; Maxilla; Odontogenesis; Tooth Eruption; Tooth, Impacted
PubMed: 26432311
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.06.013 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Jan 2020The tooth provides an excellent system for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of organogenesis, and has thus been of longstanding interest to developmental and stem... (Review)
Review
The tooth provides an excellent system for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of organogenesis, and has thus been of longstanding interest to developmental and stem cell biologists studying embryonic morphogenesis and adult tissue renewal. In recent years, analyses of molecular signaling networks, together with new insights into cellular heterogeneity, have greatly improved our knowledge of the dynamic epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that take place during tooth development and homeostasis. Here, we review recent progress in the field of mammalian tooth morphogenesis and also discuss the mechanisms regulating stem cell-based dental tissue homeostasis, regeneration and repair. These exciting findings help to lay a foundation that will ultimately enable the application of fundamental research discoveries toward therapies to improve oral health.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Morphogenesis; Odontogenesis; Regeneration; Signal Transduction; Tooth
PubMed: 31980484
DOI: 10.1242/dev.184754 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Feb 2017The tooth root is an integral, functionally important part of our dentition. The formation of a functional root depends on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and... (Review)
Review
The tooth root is an integral, functionally important part of our dentition. The formation of a functional root depends on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and integration of the root with the jaw bone, blood supply and nerve innervations. The root development process therefore offers an attractive model for investigating organogenesis. Understanding how roots develop and how they can be bioengineered is also of great interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying tooth root formation. We review the function of cellular structure and components such as Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, cranial neural crest cells and stem cells residing in developing and adult teeth. We also highlight how complex signaling networks together with multiple transcription factors mediate tissue-tissue interactions that guide root development. Finally, we discuss the possible role of stem cells in establishing the crown-to-root transition, and provide an overview of root malformations and diseases in humans.
Topics: Animals; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Hedgehog Proteins; Humans; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Models, Dental; Odontogenesis; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Crown; Tooth Root; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 28143844
DOI: 10.1242/dev.137216 -
Gerontology 2018The tooth is an intricate composition of precisely patterned, mineralized matrices and soft tissues. Mineralized tissues include enamel (produced by the epithelial cells... (Review)
Review
The tooth is an intricate composition of precisely patterned, mineralized matrices and soft tissues. Mineralized tissues include enamel (produced by the epithelial cells called ameloblasts), dentin and cementum (produced by mesenchymal cells called odontoblasts and cementoblasts, respectively), and soft tissues, which include the dental pulp and the periodontal ligament along with the invading nerves and blood vessels. It was perceived for a very long time that teeth primarily serve an esthetical function. In recent years, however, the role of healthy teeth, as well as the impact of oral health on general well-being, became more evident. Tooth loss, caused by tooth decay, congenital malformations (tooth agenesis), trauma, periodontal diseases, or age-related changes, is usually replaced by artificial materials which lack many of the important biological characteristics of the natural tooth. Human teeth have very low to almost absent regeneration potential, due to early loss of cell populations with regenerative capacity, namely stem cells. Significant effort has been made in recent decades to identify and characterize tooth stem cells, and to unravel the developmental programs which these cells follow in order to generate a tooth.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Humans; Models, Biological; Odontogenesis; Regeneration; Stem Cell Niche; Tooth
PubMed: 29533942
DOI: 10.1159/000486592 -
Developmental Cell Oct 2023Tooth enamel secreted by ameloblasts (AMs) is the hardest material in the human body, acting as a shield to protect the teeth. However, the enamel is gradually damaged...
Tooth enamel secreted by ameloblasts (AMs) is the hardest material in the human body, acting as a shield to protect the teeth. However, the enamel is gradually damaged or partially lost in over 90% of adults and cannot be regenerated due to a lack of ameloblasts in erupted teeth. Here, we use single-cell combinatorial indexing RNA sequencing (sci-RNA-seq) to establish a spatiotemporal single-cell census for the developing human tooth and identify regulatory mechanisms controlling the differentiation process of human ameloblasts. We identify key signaling pathways involved between the support cells and ameloblasts during fetal development and recapitulate those findings in human ameloblast in vitro differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We furthermore develop a disease model of amelogenesis imperfecta in a three-dimensional (3D) organoid system and show AM maturation to mineralized structure in vivo. These studies pave the way for future regenerative dentistry.
Topics: Humans; Ameloblasts; Amelogenesis; Dental Enamel; Odontogenesis; Tooth
PubMed: 37582367
DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.013 -
BMC Oral Health Jul 2019Vital pulp therapy preserves and maintains the integrity and the health of dental pulp tissue that has been injured by trauma, caries or restorative procedures. The...
Effects of mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium hydroxide, biodentine and Emdogain on osteogenesis, Odontogenesis, angiogenesis and cell viability of dental pulp stem cells.
BACKGROUND
Vital pulp therapy preserves and maintains the integrity and the health of dental pulp tissue that has been injured by trauma, caries or restorative procedures. The enhancement of cells viability and formation of reparative dentine and new blood vessels are vital determinants of the success of direct pulp capping. Therefore, the aims of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro osteogenic, odontogenic and angiogenic effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)], Biodentine and Emdogain on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and examine the effects of the tested materials on cell viability.
METHODS
DPSCs were treated with MTA, Ca(OH), Biodentine or Emdogain. Untreated cells were used as control. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay on day 3. Real-Time PCR with SYBR green was used to quantify the gene expression levels of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin), odontogenic marker (dentin sialophosphoprotein) and angiogenic factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) on day 7 and day 14.
RESULTS
All capping materials showed variable cytotoxicity against DPSCs (77% for Emdogain, 53% for MTA, 26% for Biodentine and 16% for Ca(OH) compared to control (P value < 0.0001). Osteopontin (OPN) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene expression was increased by all four materials. However, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was upregulated by all materials except Emdogain. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was upregulated by all four tested materials except Ca(OH).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest MTA, Biodentine and Emdogain exhibit similar attributes and may score better than Ca(OH). Emdogain could be a promising alternative to MTA and Biodentine in enhancing pulp repair capacity following dental pulp injury. However, further future research is required to assess the clinical outcomes and compare it with the in vitro findings.
Topics: Aluminum Compounds; Calcium Compounds; Calcium Hydroxide; Cell Survival; Dental Enamel Proteins; Dental Pulp; Drug Combinations; Odontogenesis; Osteogenesis; Oxides; Silicates; Stem Cells; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 31266498
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0827-0 -
Biomaterials Dec 2021Harnessing developmental processes for tissue engineering represents a promising yet challenging approach to regenerative medicine. Tooth avulsion is among the most...
Harnessing developmental processes for tissue engineering represents a promising yet challenging approach to regenerative medicine. Tooth avulsion is among the most serious traumatic dental injuries, whereas functional tooth regeneration remains uncertain. Here, we established a strategy using decellularized tooth matrix (DTM) combined with human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) aggregates to simulate an odontogenesis-related developmental microenvironment. The bioengineered teeth reconstructed by this strategy regenerated three-dimensional pulp and periodontal tissues equipped with vasculature and innervation in a preclinical pig model after implantation into the alveolar bone. These results prompted us to enroll 15 patients with avulsed teeth after traumatic dental injuries in a pilot clinical trial. At 12 months after implantation, bioengineered teeth led to the regeneration of functional teeth, which supported continued root development, in humans. Mechanistically, exosomes derived from hDPSC aggregates mediated the tooth regeneration process by upregulating the odontogenic and angiogenic ability of hDPSCs. Our findings suggest that odontogenic microenvironment engineering by DTM and stem cell aggregates initiates functional tooth regeneration and serves as an effective treatment for tooth avulsion.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dental Pulp; Humans; Odontogenesis; Stem Cells; Swine; Tooth; Tooth Avulsion
PubMed: 34736149
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121223