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Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of... Jun 2023Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide with immense associated morbidity and mortality. Although most of the cervical cancer cases are... (Review)
Review
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide with immense associated morbidity and mortality. Although most of the cervical cancer cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can effectively be prevented by HPV vaccination, vaccination unfortunately remains underused on a global scale with vast inequities in distribution. A vaccine as a tool to prevent cancer, cervical and others, is largely unprecedented. Then why do HPV vaccination rates globally remain so low? This article explores the burden of disease, development of the vaccine and its subsequent uptake, cost-effectiveness, and associated equity issues.
Topics: Female; Humans; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Vaccination
PubMed: 37149314
DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2023.02.006 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2023Oral cancer is a neoplastic disorder of the oral cavities, including the lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, and lower and upper gums. Oral cancer assessment entails a... (Review)
Review
Oral cancer is a neoplastic disorder of the oral cavities, including the lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, and lower and upper gums. Oral cancer assessment entails a multistep process that requires deep knowledge of the molecular networks involved in its progression and development. Preventive measures including public awareness of risk factors and improving public behaviors are necessary, and screening techniques should be encouraged to enable early detection of malignant lesions. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are associated with other premalignant and carcinogenic conditions leading to oral cancer. Oncogenic viruses induce chromosomal rearrangements; activate signal transduction pathways via growth factor receptors, cytoplasmic protein kinases, and DNA binding transcription factors; modulate cell cycle proteins, and inhibit apoptotic pathways. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview on the use of nanomaterials for regulating viral proteins and oral cancer as well as the role of phytocompounds on oral cancer. The targets linking oncoviral proteins and oral carcinogenesis were also discussed.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Retroviridae; Mouth Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37364477
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115035 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jun 2017Among all new cancer cases in 2012, on average, 15.4% were caused by or oncoviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, , , Kaposi sarcoma-associated... (Review)
Review
Among all new cancer cases in 2012, on average, 15.4% were caused by or oncoviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, , , Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and human T-lymphotropic virus. These pathogens encode a variety of non-coding RNAs, which are important cofactors for oncogenesis. In this review, we focus on recent developments in the study of long and small non-protein-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, of oncogenic pathogens, and discuss their mechanisms of action in the multiple steps of oncogenesis.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Untranslated; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 28410134
DOI: 10.2741/4560 -
Clinics in Liver Disease May 2015About 80% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections especially in the setting of established... (Review)
Review
About 80% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections especially in the setting of established cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis, making HCC prevention a major goal of antiviral therapy. HCC tumors are highly complex and heterogeneous resulting from the aberrant function of multiple molecular pathways. The roles of HCV or HBV in promoting HCC development are still either directly or indirectly are still speculative, but the evidence for both effects is compelling. In patients with chronic hepatitis viral infection, cirrhosis is not a prerequisite for tumorigenesis.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; DNA, Viral; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Virus Integration
PubMed: 25921667
DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2015.01.006 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Oct 2017Seven kinds of virus collectively comprise an important cause of cancer, particularly in less developed countries and for people with damaged immune systems. Discovered...
Seven kinds of virus collectively comprise an important cause of cancer, particularly in less developed countries and for people with damaged immune systems. Discovered over the past 54 years, most of these viruses are common infections of humankind for which malignancy is a rare consequence. Various cofactors affect the complex interaction between virus and host and the likelihood of cancer emerging. Although individual human tumour viruses exert their malignant effects in different ways, there are common features that illuminate mechanisms of oncogenesis more generally, whether or not there is a viral aetiology.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 28893931
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0264 -
The Journal of Infection Nov 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35961462
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.005 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive... (Review)
Review
The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.
Topics: Humans; Lymphoma; Oncogenic Viruses; Herpesvirus 8, Human
PubMed: 38482011
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2018To date, viruses are reported to be responsible for more than 15% of all tumors worldwide. The oncogenesis could be influenced directly by the activity of viral... (Review)
Review
To date, viruses are reported to be responsible for more than 15% of all tumors worldwide. The oncogenesis could be influenced directly by the activity of viral oncoproteins or by the chronic infection or inflammation. The group of human oncoviruses includes Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or polyomaviruses, and transregulating retroviruses such as HIV or HTLV-1. Most of these viruses express short noncoding RNAs called miRNAs to regulate their own gene expression or to influence host gene expression and thus contribute to the carcinogenic processes. In this review, we will focus on oncogenic viruses and summarize the role of both types of miRNAs, viral as well as host’s, in the oncogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 29673190
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041217 -
Viruses Jul 2021The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical... (Review)
Review
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, it is activated in cases of immune deficiency, both pharmacological and pathological. Infection with the BKPyV is of particular importance in recipients of kidney transplants or HSC transplantation, in which it can lead to the loss of the transplanted kidney or to haemorrhagic cystitis, respectively. Four main genotypes of the virus are distinguished on the basis of molecular differentiation. The most common genotype worldwide is genotype I, with a frequency of about 80%, followed by genotype IV (about 15%), while genotypes II and III are isolated only sporadically. The distribution of the molecular variants of the virus is associated with the region of origin. BKPyV subtype Ia is most common in Africa, Ib-1 in Southeast Asia, and Ib-2 in Europe, while Ic is the most common variant in Northeast Asia. The development of molecular methods has enabled significant improvement not only in BKPyV diagnostics, but in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment as well. Amplification of viral DNA from urine by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and qPCR Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a non-invasive method that can be used to confirm the presence of the genetic material of the virus and to determine the viral load. Sequencing techniques together with bioinformatics tools and databases can be used to determine variants of the virus, analyse their circulation in populations, identify relationships between them, and investigate the directions of evolution of the virus.
Topics: Animals; BK Virus; DNA, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Genotype; Immunocompromised Host; Kidney; Kidney Transplantation; Mice; Oncogenic Viruses; Pathology, Molecular; Polyomavirus Infections; Transplant Recipients; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Load
PubMed: 34452367
DOI: 10.3390/v13081502 -
Cancer Letters Dec 2018Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicles in a size from 30 to 150 nm, carrying a variety of active components, such as proteins, mRNA and miRNAs,...
Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicles in a size from 30 to 150 nm, carrying a variety of active components, such as proteins, mRNA and miRNAs, and are involved in intercellular communication. Exosomes are released by almost all living cells and detected in various biological fluids. Viruses especially oncogenic viruses have been reported to influence the formation of virus-associated cancer through reshaping the tumor microenvironment via exosomes. In this review, a role of exosomes released by oncogenic virus-infected cells in promoting or inhibiting cancer formation is outlined. Moreover, the prospects and challenges of exosome applications in cancer therapies are critically discussed.
Topics: Cell Communication; Exosomes; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Messenger; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 30219505
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.018