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Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina,... Dec 2023This review article focuses on cutaneous manifestations in schoolchildren and adolescents 6 to 18 years old connected with various aspects of the severe acute... (Review)
Review
This review article focuses on cutaneous manifestations in schoolchildren and adolescents 6 to 18 years old connected with various aspects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, including personal protective equipment (PPE), SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The use of PPE has been associated with mask-related acne due to microbiome dysbiosis and disruption of skin homeostasis, leading to the emergence of new acne or exacerbation of preexisting acne. Chilblain-like lesions, erythema multiforme-like eruptions, and cutaneous manifestations of multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 are the most commonly described skin manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The proposed mechanisms involve either the direct interaction of the virus with the skin through cutaneous receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the epidermal basal layer or hyperactive immune responses. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection has also been described on adnexa, including hair changes such as alopecia areata and telogen effluvium, as well as nail changes presenting as onychomadesis and periungual desquamation. Cutaneous adverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine have been described in case reports and differ from those in adults. Therefore, there is a need for increased awareness regarding the most prevalent cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 in children because they tend to be mild or nonspecific in nature.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Acne Vulgaris; Alopecia Areata; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 38126100
DOI: No ID Found -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Feb 2017
Topics: Child; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease; Humans; Male; Nail Diseases
PubMed: 28246241
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160388 -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Mar 2021
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Journal of Clinical Virology : the... May 2020Enterovirus (EV) A71 and coxsackievirus (CV) A16 were the most frequent serotypes involved in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks throughout Asia. In the past... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Enterovirus (EV) A71 and coxsackievirus (CV) A16 were the most frequent serotypes involved in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks throughout Asia. In the past 5 years, however, CV-A6 has emerged as a new important pathogen worldwide, and more severe and extensive dermatologic presentations has been reported.
OBJECTIVES
Identify the clinical spectrum for atypical HFMD and enterovirus serotypes in Belém, Pará, Amazon region of northern Brazil.
STUDY DESIGN
A prospective ambulatory clinic-based surveillance conducted from January to June 2019, involving patients under 15 years with symptoms of HFMD. Stool, serum, oropharyngeal, and skin swab samples were analyzed. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to detect the viral genome of enteroviruses. Positive specimens were submitted to semi-nested PCR. Physical examinations and demographic data were recorded on a standardized form.
RESULTS
48 patients with symptoms of HFMD were included in the study and collected all samples according to protocol. Enteroviruses were detected in 83 % of patients. An atypical form of HFMD with vesiculobullous exanthema was present in 70 % (28/40); desquamation of the palms and soles detected in 90 % (36/40) and onychomadesis in 30 % (12/40) of patients. The serotype was identified in 22 patients, CV- A6 occurred in 81.8 % of them.
CONCLUSION
This is the first ambulatory surveillance and virologic investigation involving HFMD performed in outpatients from Amazon region, Brazil. The detection of CV-A6 was related to atypical forms HFMD. Desquamation of the palms and soles and nail changes occurred with frequency, such as a late sequel in the HFMD disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Antibodies, Viral; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Female; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Phylogeny; Prospective Studies; Serogroup; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous
PubMed: 32302950
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104307 -
Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2022There have been sporadic and periodic large-scale epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with cases at risk for significant morbidity and mortality... (Review)
Review
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: A Single Centre Retrospective Study of 403 New Cases and Brief Review of Relevant Indian Literature to Understand Clinical, Epidemiological, and Virological Attributes of a Long-Lasting Indian Epidemic.
BACKGROUND
There have been sporadic and periodic large-scale epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with cases at risk for significant morbidity and mortality particularly in Southeast Asia since 1997 and in India since early 2003.
METHOD
We retrospectively studied 403 cases recorded from 2009 to 2019 and reviewed relevant Indian literature published between 2004 and 2019 to understand clinical, epidemiological, and virological attributes of this long-lasting Indian epidemic.
RESULT
There were 96.8% children and adolescents (M:F 1.6:1) aged 2 months to 18 years and 84% were aged <5 years. Adult family contacts comprised 3.2%. Only 12 sporadic cases occurred during 2009-2011 followed by increased number from 2012 to 2015 peaking with 30.8% cases in 2013 and declining slowly until the year 2019 with small resurge in 2018. The major peaks occurred during summers with small peaks in autumns. Literature review showed 3332 cases presenting between 2004 and 2019 across Indian states with similar epidemiological trends whereas serotyping identified Coxsackievirus A16 (CV A16) in 83%, Coxsackievirus A6 (CV A6) in 17%, Enterovirus 71 in 4.1%, and multiple strains in 11.7% samples, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The overall features of this long-lasting HFMD epidemic; affecting children aged <5 years more often than adults, none or minimum neurological or pulmonary complications in few patients, peaks occurring during summer and autumn months, and identity of the pathogenic virus coincide with global trends. However, the continuous spread of the disease across the country appears in sync with pre-epidemic periods of China and Taiwan. It calls for a continuous surveillance and making HFMD a notifiable disease in India.
PubMed: 36226004
DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_701_21 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology 2021
PubMed: 33911309
DOI: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_325_19 -
International Journal of Emergency... Aug 2017Nail abnormalities in childhood are generally uncommon. Recently, onychomadesis is described as a rare, late complication of hand-foot-mouth disease, which is a viral...
BACKGROUND
Nail abnormalities in childhood are generally uncommon. Recently, onychomadesis is described as a rare, late complication of hand-foot-mouth disease, which is a viral illness commonly seen in the pediatric age group. It is therefore important to elucidate the presentation of this entity, especially in the context of the hand-foot-mouth disease.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report a case of onychomadesis in a 9-month old Lebanese boy who presented to the emergency department with rapidly progressing nail changes involving all four extremities. These changes appeared few days after the healing of cutaneous lesions of hand-foot-mouth disease.
CONCLUSIONS
This case highlights the importance of recognizing the association between onychomadesis and hand-foot-mouth disease in order to avoid unnecessary treatment and to reassure the patient's parents.
PubMed: 28808990
DOI: 10.1186/s12245-017-0152-9 -
Skin Appendage Disorders Aug 2018Onychomadesis occurs when the proximal nail plate becomes unattached to the underlying structures. When only one or a few nails are involved, the cause is usually...
Onychomadesis occurs when the proximal nail plate becomes unattached to the underlying structures. When only one or a few nails are involved, the cause is usually physical trauma. A 23-year-old female presented with a 4-year history of recurrent onychomadesis involving her bilateral great toes that occurred during the springtime. While recurrent trauma from winter shoes or athletic activities may be a contributing factor, our patient was convinced that wearing tight-fitting socks during winter nights was the primary pathophysiologic process. By wearing socks only during the days and decreasing the amount of time the nails spent traumatized due to pressure, the patient's recurrent condition was eliminated.
PubMed: 30197898
DOI: 10.1159/000484328 -
Clinical Rheumatology Jul 2020
Topics: Child; Family; Humans; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome; Nail Diseases
PubMed: 32333298
DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05100-9 -
Skin Appendage Disorders Jan 2022Onychomadesis occurs when the nail plate separates from the nail matrix and nail bed, eventually leading to shedding of the nail. This condition has been attributed to...
INTRODUCTION
Onychomadesis occurs when the nail plate separates from the nail matrix and nail bed, eventually leading to shedding of the nail. This condition has been attributed to viral infections, autoimmune disorders, drug side effects, and physical trauma. A subset of patients has a recurrent form of onychomadesis without a clear trigger; this phenomenon is not well characterized in the literature.
CASE PRESENTATION
We present a case series of pediatric and adult patients with recurrent toenail onychomadesis in order to better characterize the disorder and explore possible etiologies, risk factors, and treatments.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION
For the cases herein, we propose microtrauma associated with footwear as the underlying etiology given the periodicity of nail shedding, exclusion of other etiological factors, and presence of predisposing risk factors in certain patients. Many patients saw improvement with application of urea 40% cream, suggesting this can be a valuable part of a treatment strategy, in addition to minimizing injury to involved digits.
PubMed: 35118126
DOI: 10.1159/000519016