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Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Jul 2017Smartphone fundus photography is a simple technique to obtain ocular fundus pictures using a smartphone camera and a conventional handheld indirect ophthalmoscopy lens....
Smartphone fundus photography is a simple technique to obtain ocular fundus pictures using a smartphone camera and a conventional handheld indirect ophthalmoscopy lens. This technique is indispensable when picture documentation of optic nerve, retina, and retinal vessels is necessary but a fundus camera is not available. The main advantage of this technique is the widespread availability of smartphones that allows documentation of macula and optic nerve changes in many settings that was not previously possible. Following the well-defined steps detailed here, such as proper alignment of the phone camera, handheld lens, and the patient's pupil, is the key for obtaining a clear retina picture with no interfering light reflections and aberrations. In this paper, the optical principles of indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography will be reviewed first. Then, the step-by-step method to record a good quality retinal image using a smartphone will be explained.
Topics: Fundus Oculi; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Photography; Smartphone
PubMed: 28715396
DOI: 10.3791/55958 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Dec 2017Fundus is an anatomic term referring to the portion of an organ opposite from its opening, and the fundus of the eye is the back portion of the posterior segment of the... (Review)
Review
Fundus is an anatomic term referring to the portion of an organ opposite from its opening, and the fundus of the eye is the back portion of the posterior segment of the globe, including the optic nerve, retina, and choroid. Clinically, the fundus can be visualized by direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy. Understanding the normal anatomy and appearance of the equine fundus is crucial for differentiating normal variations from abnormalities. This article reviews the normal anatomy and appearance of the equine fundus and discusses basic and advanced examination techniques. It also discusses common findings in the equine fundus and their interpretation.
Topics: Animals; Fundus Oculi; Horses; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy
PubMed: 29103559
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.08.003 -
American Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2022
Topics: Education, Medical; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Ophthalmology; Ophthalmoscopy; Photography
PubMed: 35192792
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.02.004 -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology... 2018With the increasing survival of preterm babies in the Asia-Pacific region, there has been an increase in the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). There is also... (Review)
Review
With the increasing survival of preterm babies in the Asia-Pacific region, there has been an increase in the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). There is also a lack of trained ophthalmologists to screen for this disease. New strategies for screening of ROP are required, wherein the load on the ophthalmologist can be reduced. Telemedicine is an excellent tool to address this need. This paper reviews the initial studies comparing digital imaging with indirect ophthalmoscopy, the current active ROP telescreening programs in the world, and ends with studies dealing with automated diagnosis of ROP.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mass Screening; Ophthalmoscopy; Retinopathy of Prematurity; Telemedicine
PubMed: 29405045
DOI: 10.22608/APO.2017478 -
Klinische Monatsblatter Fur... Jun 2017Correct differential diagnosis in cases of blurred optic disc margins is a challenging task for ophthalmologists. The reliable differentiation of pseudopapilloedema and... (Review)
Review
Correct differential diagnosis in cases of blurred optic disc margins is a challenging task for ophthalmologists. The reliable differentiation of pseudopapilloedema and true papilloedema has significant implications for proper patient management. Conditions that give rise to pseudopapilloedema include small crowded discs, tilted discs and optic nerve head drusen. Conditions that cause bilateral true swelling of the optic nerve head with initially good visual acuity include those that are secondary to raised intracranial pressure (optic disc edema, ODE). The majority of cases, however, present with unilateral optic nerve head swelling and normal intracranial pressure. They have systemic signs or symptoms which either precede ocular manifestation or have ophthalmoscopic signs other than elevation of the optic disc pointing to its diagnosis. Ancillary testing has been utilized to aid in identification of true ODE or swelling, including ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography, cranial and orbital MRI with venography, and lumbar puncture. Optical coherence tomography is also evolving as a modality for differentiation of buried optic disc drusen from ODE. This presentation will discuss each modality, with examples, advantages, and disadvantages for each.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Evidence-Based Medicine; Fluorescein Angiography; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Angiography; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk Drusen; Papilledema; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 28486730
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-108489 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 2019
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoscopy; Retina; Retinoschisis; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31546543
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_193_19 -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology... 2018Throughout ophthalmic history it has been shown that progress has gone hand in hand with technological breakthroughs. In the past, fluorescein angiography and fundus... (Review)
Review
Throughout ophthalmic history it has been shown that progress has gone hand in hand with technological breakthroughs. In the past, fluorescein angiography and fundus photographs were the most commonly used imaging modalities in the management of diabetic macular edema (DME). Today, despite the moderate correlation between macular thickness and functional outcomes, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has become the DME workhorse in clinical practice. Several SD-OCT biomarkers have been looked at including presence of epiretinal membrane, vitreomacular adhesion, disorganization of the inner retinal layers, central macular thickness, integrity of the ellipsoid layer, and subretinal fluid, among others. Emerging imaging modalities include fundus autofluorescence, macular pigment optical density, fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, OCT angiography, and adaptive optics. Technological advances in imaging of the posterior segment of the eye have enabled ophthalmologists to develop hypotheses about pathological mechanisms of disease, monitor disease progression, and assess response to treatment. Spectral domain OCT is the most commonly performed imaging modality in the management of DME. However, reliable biomarkers have yet to be identified. Machine learning may provide treatment algorithms based on multimodal imaging.
Topics: Diabetic Retinopathy; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Fluorescein Angiography; Humans; Macular Edema; Multimodal Imaging; Ophthalmoscopy; Optical Imaging; Optics and Photonics; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 29376234
DOI: 10.22608/APO.2017504 -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology... 2020The diagnosis and treatment of medical retinal disease is now inseparable from retinal imaging in all its multimodal incarnations. The purpose of this article is to... (Review)
Review
The diagnosis and treatment of medical retinal disease is now inseparable from retinal imaging in all its multimodal incarnations. The purpose of this article is to present a selection of very different retinal imaging techniques that are truly translational, in the sense that they are not only new, but can guide us to new understandings of disease processes or interventions that are not accessible by present methods. Quantitative autofluorescence imaging, now available for clinical investigation, has already fundamentally changed our understanding of the role of lipofuscin in age-related macular degeneration. Hyperspectral autofluorescence imaging is bench science poised not only to unravel the molecular basis of retinal pigment epithelium fluorescence, but also to be translated into a clinical camera for earliest detection of age-related macular degeneration. The ophthalmic endoscope for vitreous surgery is a radically new retinal imaging system that enables surgical approaches heretofore impossible while it captures subretinal images of living tissue. Remote retinal imaging coupled with deep learning artificial intelligence will transform the very fabric of future medical care.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Ophthalmoscopy; Retinal Pigment Epithelium; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 32487917
DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000292 -
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Jan 2020Quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF) is an approach that is built on a confocal scanning laser platform and used to measure the intensity of the inherent... (Review)
Review
Quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF) is an approach that is built on a confocal scanning laser platform and used to measure the intensity of the inherent autofluorescence of retina elicited by short-wavelength (488 nm) excitation. Being non-invasive, qAF does not interrupt tissue architecture, thus allowing for structural correlations. The spectral features, cellular origin and topographic distribution of the natural autofluorescence of the fundus indicate that it is emitted from retinaldehyde-adducts that form in photoreceptor cells and accumulate, under most conditions, in retinal pigment epithelial cells. The distributions and intensities of fundus autofluorescence deviate from normal in many retinal disorders and it is widely recognized that these changing patterns can aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of retinal disease. The standardized protocol employed by qAF involves the normalization of fundus grey levels to a fluorescent reference installed in the imaging instrument. Together with corrections for magnification and anterior media absorption, this approach facilitates comparisons with serial images and images acquired within groups of patients. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of the principles and practice of qAF and we highlight recent efforts to elucidate retinal disease processes by combining qAF with multi-modal imaging.
Topics: Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Ophthalmoscopy; Retinal Pigment Epithelium; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 31472235
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100774 -
Journal of AAPOS : the Official... Oct 2018
Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Child; Humans; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 30171896
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.08.002