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Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Apr 2021
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Retina
PubMed: 33727434
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2726_20 -
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Sep 2018Adaptive optics (AO)-enhanced en face retinal imaging, termed here AO ophthalmoscopy (AOO) has reached a level of robustness which fuels its increasing use in research... (Review)
Review
Adaptive optics (AO)-enhanced en face retinal imaging, termed here AO ophthalmoscopy (AOO) has reached a level of robustness which fuels its increasing use in research and clinical centers. Here we will review the contribution of clinical AOO to the understanding and monitoring of 1) age-related macular degeneration and 2) vascular diseases. The main contributions of AOO to the phenotyping of AMD are a better identification of drusen, a better delineation of the limits of atrophy, and the identification of novel features such as punctate hyperreflectivity and mobile melanin-containing clumps. Characterization of progression of atrophy is facilitated by time-lapse imaging. In vessels, AOO enables the observation and measurement of parietal structures and the observation of microscopic pathological features such as small hemorrhages and inflammatory cell accumulations.
Topics: Atrophy; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Ophthalmoscopy; Optics and Photonics; Peripheral Vascular Diseases; Retinal Vessels
PubMed: 30010022
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.07.001 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022To analyze the performance of ultra-wide-field (UWF) fundus photography compared with ophthalmoscopy in identifying and classifying retinal diseases. Patients examined...
To analyze the performance of ultra-wide-field (UWF) fundus photography compared with ophthalmoscopy in identifying and classifying retinal diseases. Patients examined for presumed major retinal disorders were consecutively enrolled. Each patient underwent indirect ophthalmoscopic evaluation, with scleral depression and/or fundus biomicroscopy, when clinically indicated, and mydriatic UWF fundus imaging by means of CLARUS 500™ fundus camera. Each eye was classified by a clinical grader and two image graders in the following groups: normal retina, diabetic retinopathy, vascular abnormalities, macular degenerations and dystrophies, retinal and choroidal tumors, peripheral degenerative lesions and retinal detachment and myopic alterations. 7024 eyes of new patients were included. The inter-grader agreement for images classification was perfect (kappa = 0.998, 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) = 0.997-0.999), as the two methods concordance for retinal diseases diagnosis (kappa = 0.997, 95%CI = 0.996-0.999) without statistically significant difference. UWF fundus imaging might be an alternative to ophthalmoscopy, since it allows to accurately classify major retinal diseases, widening the range of disorders possibly diagnosed with teleophthalmology. Although the clinician should be aware of the possibility that a minority of the most peripheral lesions may be not entirely visualized, it might be considered a first line diagnostic modality, in the context of a full ophthalmological examination.
Topics: Humans; Ophthalmology; Telemedicine; Ophthalmoscopy; Photography; Fundus Oculi; Retinal Diseases; Diabetic Retinopathy
PubMed: 36369463
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23170-4 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Apr 2019Digital fundus imaging is being used in diagnosis, documentation, and sharing of many retinal diseases and hence forms an essential part of ophthalmology. The use of...
Digital fundus imaging is being used in diagnosis, documentation, and sharing of many retinal diseases and hence forms an essential part of ophthalmology. The use of smartphones for the same has been ever increasing. There is a need for simpler devices to couple the 20D lens and smartphone so as to take fundus photographs which can help in fundus documentation. This article describes a simple inexpensive technique of preparing a smartphone fundus photography device (Trash To Treasure (T3) Retcam) from the used materials in the clinics within minutes. This article will also review the optical principles of the T3 Retcam and describe the step-by-step method to record good-quality retinal image/videos. This inexpensive device is made by recycling and modifying the plastic hand sanitizer bottle in the clinics/hospitals which can be used for documenting, diagnosing, screening, and academic purposes.
Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Equipment Design; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Photography; Retina; Retinal Diseases; Smartphone; Telemedicine; Video Recording
PubMed: 30900590
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1524_18 -
JAAPA : Official Journal of the... Aug 2018Direct ophthalmoscopy is an integral part of the physical examination and is the most widely used technique to assess the fundus, especially in primary care. The gold... (Review)
Review
Direct ophthalmoscopy is an integral part of the physical examination and is the most widely used technique to assess the fundus, especially in primary care. The gold standard slit-lamp technique is used in specialty clinics and in some EDs. Most medical professionals own smartphones, and a smartphone ophthalmoscope could bring the quality of a slit-lamp examination into primary care. Imaging techniques with smartphones are easy to learn and use, providing a significant step toward reversing the lack of confidence that students and clinicians have in traditional methods. Current evidence supports the potential of smartphone imaging to replace direct ophthalmoscopy in primary care settings.
Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Photography; Primary Health Care; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smartphone
PubMed: 30048353
DOI: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000541482.54611.7c -
Journal of Biophotonics Sep 2022Multispectral imaging is used in various applications including astronomy, industry and agriculture. In retinal imaging, the single-shot multispectral image stack is...
Multispectral imaging is used in various applications including astronomy, industry and agriculture. In retinal imaging, the single-shot multispectral image stack is typically acquired and analyzed. This multispectral analysis can provide information on various structural or metabolic properties. This paper describes the multispectral improvement of a video-ophthalmoscope, which can acquire retinal video sequences of the optic nerve head and peripapillary area using various spectral light illumination. The description of the multispectral video imaging is provided and several applications are described. These applications include multispectral retinal photoplethysmography, visualization of spontaneous vein pulsation and multispectral RGB image generation.
Topics: Fiber Optic Technology; Lighting; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Retina
PubMed: 35604408
DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200094 -
Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der... Oct 2016Glaucoma is defined as a progressive neuropathy of the optic nerve, characterized by specific changes of the optic disc, parapapillary region, and retinal nerve fiber... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Glaucoma is defined as a progressive neuropathy of the optic nerve, characterized by specific changes of the optic disc, parapapillary region, and retinal nerve fiber layer.
OBJECTIVES
Characteristic glaucomatous changes of the optic disc, parapapillary region, and retinal nerve fiber layer are discussed and their ophthalmoscopic examination is described.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature search in the PubMed database was conducted.
RESULTS
A systematic step-by-step approach to a qualitative and quantitative ophthalmoscopic evaluation of the optic disc regarding glaucomatous damage is presented.
CONCLUSION
A systematic, clinical, qualitative, and quantitative assessment of the optic disc can be performed with little effort and forms the basis for diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Glaucoma; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 27448220
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-016-0331-8 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Mar 2020Cones are at great risk in a wide variety of retinal diseases, especially when there is a harsh microenvironment and retinal pigment epithelium is damaged. We provide... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Cones are at great risk in a wide variety of retinal diseases, especially when there is a harsh microenvironment and retinal pigment epithelium is damaged. We provide established and new methods for assessing cones and retinal pigment epithelium, together with new results. We investigated conditions under which cones can be imaged and could guide light, despite the proximity of less than ideal retinal pigment epithelium.
RECENT FINDINGS
We used a variety of imaging methods to detect and localise damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. As age-related macular degeneration is a particularly widespread disease, we imaged clinical hallmarks: drusen and hyperpigmentation. Using near infrared light provided improved imaging of the deeper fundus layers. We compared confocal and multiply scattered light images, using both the variation of detection apertures and polarisation analysis. We used optical coherence tomography to examine distances between structures and thickness of retinal layers, as well as identifying damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. We counted cones using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. We compared the results of five subjects with geographic atrophy to data from a previous normative ageing study. Using near infrared imaging and layer analysis of optical coherence tomography, the widespread aspect of drusen became evident. Both multiply scattered light imaging and analysis of the volume in the retinal pigment epithelial layer from the optical coherence tomography were effective in localising drusen and hyperpigmentation beneath the photoreceptors. Cone photoreceptors in normal older eyes were shorter than in younger eyes. Cone photoreceptors survived in regions of atrophy, but with greatly reduced and highly variable density. Regular arrays of cones were found in some locations, despite abnormal retinal pigment epithelium. For some subjects, the cone density was significantly greater than normative values in some retinal locations outside the atrophy.
SUMMARY
The survival of cones within atrophy is remarkable. The unusually dense packing of cones at some retinal locations outside the atrophy indicates more fluidity in cone distribution than typically thought. Together these findings suggest strategies for therapy that includes preserving cones.
Topics: Aging; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Ophthalmoscopy; Optics and Photonics; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; Retinal Pigment Epithelium; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 32017191
DOI: 10.1111/opo.12670 -
Seminars in Ophthalmology Jan 2015Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a noninvasive imaging technology that provides information on the distribution of lipofuscin within the retinal pigment epithelial... (Review)
Review
Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a noninvasive imaging technology that provides information on the distribution of lipofuscin within the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Progressive accumulation of lipofuscin within retinal pigment epithelial cells is involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Fundus autofluorescence imaging using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope is a useful technique to identify high-risk characteristics in patients with nonexudative AMD. It gives also some valuable knowledge and clues in differantial diagnosis of exudative age-related macular degeneration. This review comprises an introduction to fundus autofluorescence, a review of FAF imaging in AMD, and the recent classification of geographic atrophy (GA) and early AMD phenotypes by the Fundus Autofluorescence in Age-related Macular Degeneration Study. The association of phenotype and atrophy progression and choroidal neovascularization development are also summarized.
Topics: Humans; Macular Degeneration; Microscopy, Confocal; Ophthalmoscopy
PubMed: 23952079
DOI: 10.3109/08820538.2013.810285 -
Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift Der... Mar 2017During the last 25 years ophthalmic imaging has undergone a revolution. This review gives an overview of the possibilities of adaptive optics (AO) for ophthalmic... (Review)
Review
During the last 25 years ophthalmic imaging has undergone a revolution. This review gives an overview of the possibilities of adaptive optics (AO) for ophthalmic imaging technologies and their development and illustrates that the role of ophthalmic imaging changed from the documentation of obvious abnormalities to the detection of microscopic yet significant conspicuities. This enables earlier and more precise diagnoses. The implementation of AO for imaging systems like fundus cameras, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography has gained in importance. In recent years a couple of companies started developing commercially available AO systems, thus, indicating a future use in clinical routine.
Topics: Equipment Design; Equipment Failure Analysis; Fluorescein Angiography; Image Enhancement; Lenses; Microscopy, Confocal; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy; Photography; Technology Assessment, Biomedical; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 28194486
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-017-0440-z