-
Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2019Candidiasis is a very common malady in the head neck region. This review will concentrate on intraoral, pharyngeal and perioral manifestations and treatment. A history... (Review)
Review
Candidiasis is a very common malady in the head neck region. This review will concentrate on intraoral, pharyngeal and perioral manifestations and treatment. A history of the origins associated with candidiasis will be introduced. In addition, oral conditions associated with candidiasis will be mentioned and considered. The various forms of oral and maxillofacial candidiasis will be reviewed to include pseudomembranous, acute, chronic, median rhomboid glossitis, perioral dermatitis, and angular cheilitis. At the end of this review the clinician will be better able to diagnose and especially treat candidal overgrowth of the oral facial region. Of particular interest to the clinician are the various treatment modalities with appropriate considerations for side effects.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Humans
PubMed: 30693459
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01004-6 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2016Oral candidiasis (OC) is a common fungal disease encountered in dermatology, most commonly caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans in the mouth. Although thrush is a... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis (OC) is a common fungal disease encountered in dermatology, most commonly caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans in the mouth. Although thrush is a well-recognized presentation of OC, it behooves clinicians to be aware of the many other presentations of this disease and how to accurately diagnose and manage these cases. The clinical presentations of OC can be broadly classified as white or erythematous candidiasis, with various subtypes in each category. The treatments include appropriate oral hygiene, topical agents, and systemic medications. This review focuses on the various clinical presentations of OC and treatment options.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Antifungal Agents; Atrophy; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous; Candidiasis, Oral; Cheilitis; Erythema; Glossitis; Humans; Hyperplasia; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 27343964
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.022 -
Dermatologic Therapy Jul 2019Dermatologists commonly prescribe medications such as antibiotics and corticosteroids that can increase the risk for candidiasis. Though conventional antifungals are... (Review)
Review
Dermatologists commonly prescribe medications such as antibiotics and corticosteroids that can increase the risk for candidiasis. Though conventional antifungals are often effective against candidiasis, they are not without side effects and species of Candida are gaining resistance. Probiotics help treat conditions such as post-antibiotic diarrhea and infectious diarrhea, and thus have the potential to help with Candida infections, as well. For this reason, we provide an overview of therapies prescribed in dermatology that may increase the risk for candidiasis, and we review the literature on whether probiotics are useful in the treatment and prevention of oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis to help dermatologists treating the condition be better informed about their supplemental use with conventional antifungals.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Humans; Probiotics
PubMed: 31112355
DOI: 10.1111/dth.12970 -
Current Drug Delivery 2023Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa sustained by fungi of the genus Candida. Various Candida species, with a predominance of C. albicans,... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa sustained by fungi of the genus Candida. Various Candida species, with a predominance of C. albicans, normally a saprophyte of the oral cavity, may become virulent and infect the oral mucosa with variegated clinical presentation, in case of imbalance of the oral microbiota, the presence of local predisposing factors and systemic conditions that weaken the immune system. Conventionally, oral candidiasis eradication is done with the help of antifungal drugs. However, the growing phenomena of drug resistance and the increase in infections sustained by non-albicans species being less responsive to common antifungals have orientied researches towards the experimentation of alternative therapies. The present review considered the most promising alternative therapeutic proposals. The use of plant derivatives with phytotherapy is a promising option, such as probiotics, to rebalance the oral microbiota in case of dysbiosis. Finally, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), with highly selective fungicidal activity and free of side effects, is also being studied as a powerful alternative to drug administration. All these therapies are alternatives or supportive to the conventional treatment of recurrent and non-drug-responsive forms of oral candidiasis. However, further studies are needed to define the most active compounds, the efficacy of the therapies compared with the conventional ones, and the planning of regulated and standardized protocols.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candida albicans; Photochemotherapy; Phytotherapy; Probiotics
PubMed: 35440307
DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220418104042 -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... Mar 2019Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic oral infections that presents different acute and chronic clinical presentations with diverse diagnostic and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic oral infections that presents different acute and chronic clinical presentations with diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present study carries out a bibliographic review on the therapeutic tools available against oral candidiasis and their usefulness in each clinical situation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Recent studies on treatment of oral candidiasis were retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane Library.
RESULTS
Nystatin and miconazole are the most commonly used topical antifungal drugs. Both antifungal drugs are very effective but need a long time of use to eradicate the infection. The pharmacological presentations of miconazole are more comfortable for patients but this drug may interact with other drugs and this fact should be assessed before use. Other topical alternatives for oral candidiasis, such as amphotericin B or clotrimazole, are not available in many countries. Oral fluconazole is effective in treating oral candidiasis that does not respond to topical treatment. Other systemic treatment alternatives, oral or intravenous, less used are itraconazole, voriconazole or posaconazole. Available novelties include echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin) and isavuconazole. Echinocandins can only be used intravenously. Isavuconazole is available for oral and intravenous use. Other hopeful alternatives are new drugs, such as ibrexafungerp, or the use of antibodies, cytokines and antimicrobial peptides.
CONCLUSIONS
Nystatin, miconazole, and fluconazole are very effective for treating oral candidiasis. There are systemic alternatives for treating recalcitrant infections, such as the new triazoles, echinocandins, or lipidic presentations of amphotericin B.
Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Amphotericin B; Anidulafungin; Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Candidiasis, Oral; Caspofungin; Clotrimazole; Databases, Factual; Drug Interactions; Echinocandins; Fluconazole; Humans; Miconazole; Nitriles; Nystatin; Pyridines; Triazoles
PubMed: 30818309
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22978 -
British Dental Journal Nov 2017Candida is a fungus (yeast) that is generally regarded as a normal and harmless member of the oral microbiome in humans. Should host defences against these commensals be... (Review)
Review
Candida is a fungus (yeast) that is generally regarded as a normal and harmless member of the oral microbiome in humans. Should host defences against these commensals be compromised in any way then Candida can cause clinical signs and symptoms, which manifest as distinct forms of oral candidosis (candidiasis). Candida albicans is the most frequently isolated candidal species from the oral cavity, although a range of non-C. albicans Candida species are being increasingly encountered. The basic principle of the management of candidosis is to identify and eliminate any underlying host predisposing factor. However, in many cases, antifungal therapy will also be required as part of initial management. This article will provide an overview of the isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Candida species encountered within the mouth and relate these to clinical management of oral candidosis.
Topics: Candida; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans
PubMed: 29123282
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.886 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2016To systematically review and assess the efficacy, different treatment protocols (formulation, dosage, and duration), and safety of nystatin for treating oral candidiasis. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review and assess the efficacy, different treatment protocols (formulation, dosage, and duration), and safety of nystatin for treating oral candidiasis.
METHODS
Four electronic databases were searched for trials published in English till July 1, 2015. Randomized controlled trials comparing nystatin with other antifungal therapies or a placebo were included. Clinical and/or mycological cure was the outcome evaluation. A meta-analysis or descriptive study on the efficacy, treatment protocols, and safety of nystatin was conducted.
RESULTS
The meta-analysis showed that nystatin pastille was significantly superior to placebo in treating denture stomatitis. Nystatin suspension was not superior to fluconazole in treating oral candidiasis in infants, children, or HIV/AIDS patients. The descriptive investigations showed that administration of nystatin suspension and pastilles in combination for 2 weeks might achieve a higher clinical and mycological cure rate, and using the nystatin pastilles alone might have a higher mycological cure rate, when compared with using nystatin suspensions alone. Nystatin pastilles at a dose of 400,000 IU resulted in a significantly higher mycological cure rate than that administrated at a dose of 200,000 IU. Furthermore, treatment with nystatin pastilles for 4 weeks seemed to have better clinical efficacy than treatment for 2 weeks. Descriptive safety assessment showed that poor taste and gastrointestinal adverse reaction are the most common adverse effects of nystatin.
CONCLUSION
Nystatin pastille was significantly superior to placebo in treating denture stomatitis, while nystatin suspension was not superior to fluconazole in treating oral candidiasis in infants, children, or HIV/AIDS patients. Indirect evidence from a descriptive study demonstrated that administration of nystatin pastille alone or pastille and suspension in combination is more effective than that of suspension alone; prolonged treatment duration for up to 4 weeks can increase the efficacy of nystatin. More well designed and high quality randomized control studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Nystatin
PubMed: 27042008
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S100795 -
Medical Mycology Journal 2017The incidence of oral candidiasis has increased in the elderly in recent years. Although the increase of the elderly population plays a big role in this rise of oral... (Review)
Review
The incidence of oral candidiasis has increased in the elderly in recent years. Although the increase of the elderly population plays a big role in this rise of oral candidiasis, the broader recognition that elderly people have higher infection rates for oral candidiasis is considered to be also an important factor. Oral candidiasis can be categorized into three types. Pseudomembranous oral candidiasis is characterized by the appearance of white moss, erythematous oral candidiasis by the eruption of erythema, and hyperplastic oral candidiasis by mucosal hyperplasia. Miconazole has been commonly used when treating oral candidiasis. Elderly patients, however, have a tendency to develop oral candidiasis repeatedly. It is therefore critical to take measures to prevent recurrence. We recommend the use an oral moisturizer containing hinokitiol, an antifungal substance, on a regular basis, to help prevent recurrence of oral candidiasis.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Oral; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Miconazole; Monoterpenes; Recurrence; Secondary Prevention; Tropolone
PubMed: 28566666
DOI: 10.3314/mmj.17.004 -
Dermatologic Clinics Oct 2020Chronic oral mucosal lesions can be associated with several mucocutaneous diseases. This article reviews the autoimmune and immune-mediated, reactive, genetic, and... (Review)
Review
Chronic oral mucosal lesions can be associated with several mucocutaneous diseases. This article reviews the autoimmune and immune-mediated, reactive, genetic, and infectious diseases that may present with chronic oral and/or cutaneous manifestations and provides a rational approach to diagnosis and management.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Behcet Syndrome; Candidiasis, Oral; Chronic Disease; Fibroma; Graft vs Host Disease; Humans; Keratosis; Leukokeratosis, Hereditary Mucosal; Lichen Planus, Oral; Mouth Diseases; Papillomavirus Infections; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous; Stomatitis; Tobacco Products
PubMed: 32892854
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2020.05.006 -
Cancer Investigation May 2023Cancer is currently a significant therapeutic challenge and is frequently connected with numerous adverse effects. Despite many improvements in chemotherapy, oral... (Review)
Review
Cancer is currently a significant therapeutic challenge and is frequently connected with numerous adverse effects. Despite many improvements in chemotherapy, oral complications are common, leading to poor quality of life and chemotherapeutic dose reduction, which impair survival. This review summarizes the most common dental complications in patients receiving chemotherapy. We mainly focus on oral mucositis as it is a major cause of dose-limiting toxicity. Furthermore, oral candidiasis, viral infections, and xerostomia will be discussed. Conclusions: preventing complications is significantly more important than treating them. All patients beginning systemic anticancer treatment should undergo a thorough oral examination and get appropriate prophylaxis.
Topics: Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Quality of Life; Stomatitis; Neoplasms; Candidiasis, Oral
PubMed: 36892292
DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2023.2188558