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Cytopathology : Official Journal of the... Sep 2022This study is the first to analyse the prevalence of oral candidiasis in onco-haematological patients by physical and oral cytopathological examinations. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
This study is the first to analyse the prevalence of oral candidiasis in onco-haematological patients by physical and oral cytopathological examinations.
METHODS
This is a cross-sectional and observational study with a retrospective sample composed of participants hospitalised in the haematology clinic, who were diagnosed with haematological diseases. All participants received an oral mucosal examination and scraping from oral mucosa.
RESULTS
Of the 62 participants, 56.5% were male and 82.3% were white, with mean age of 57 years. Lymphoma was the most common haematological disease (24.2%). In total, 48.4% of the sample was diagnosed with oral candidiasis. Of the participants with oral candidiasis, 13 (21.0%) had a clinical diagnosis. Cytopathological analysis revealed 17 more (27.4%) cases without oral lesions indicative of candidiasis. Erythematous candidiasis (P = 0.02), pseudomembranous candidiasis (P < 0.001), clinical candidiasis (P < 0.001), fibrous hyperplasia (P = 0.032), and coated tongue (P = 0.012) showed a correlation with a candidiasis cytopathological diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Oral candidiasis is common among patients with haematological disease, and the cytopathological examination proved to be a useful tool, confirming clinical diagnosis of candidiasis and identifying subclinical cases. These data are of great relevance considering the possible complications that these patients may develop, such as longer hospitalisations, worsening of the general condition or even death due to candidemia.
Topics: Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35603463
DOI: 10.1111/cyt.13151 -
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor... Feb 2018Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common cause of chronic inflammation of the joints in childhood. Currently, JIA is divided into 7 subtypes, distinguished... (Review)
Review
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common cause of chronic inflammation of the joints in childhood. Currently, JIA is divided into 7 subtypes, distinguished on the basis of the symptoms present in the first six months of the illness. Pharmacological treatment is different for every subtype. With all forms of JIA, dental problems can occur. These can include an increasing incidence of dental caries, stomatitis with the use of methotrexate, oral candidiasis with the use of immunosuppressive medication and temporal mandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis. The detection of TMJ arthritis seems to be especially difficult in daily practice. Dentists could play a role in identifying the TMJ complication in children with JIA.
Topics: Adolescent; Arthritis, Juvenile; Candidiasis, Oral; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
PubMed: 29461540
DOI: 10.5177/ntvt.2018.02.17163 -
Gerontology 2022Elderly patients with systemic disorders and immunocompromised patients seem to have a higher risk of developing morbidity from COVID-19. Candida albicans (C. albicans)...
Elderly patients with systemic disorders and immunocompromised patients seem to have a higher risk of developing morbidity from COVID-19. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a potentially dangerous pathogen for these patients, especially for denture wearers with prosthetic stomatitis who require mechanical ventilation. C. albicans infection, the main candidiasis infection associated with denture wear, can complicate COVID-19 and increase the associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis of C. albicans infection in COVID-19 patients is important to establish more effective antifungal treatment methods and prophylaxis strategies. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients should undergo an oral examination to assess their oral health, and those with poor oral health should receive the appropriate care and monitoring.
Topics: Aged; COVID-19; Candidiasis, Oral; Dentures; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Stomatitis, Denture
PubMed: 33853063
DOI: 10.1159/000515214 -
Brazilian Oral Research 2020Here, the prevalence of oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis among diabetic patients compared to healthy ones was summarized through a systematic review with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Here, the prevalence of oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis among diabetic patients compared to healthy ones was summarized through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, Embase, and the grey literature were searched without restriction, until May 2020. Eligibility criteria were established, data were extracted, and quality assessment was conducted by two trained examiners. Qualitative synthesis was based on the recommendations of Fowkes and Fulton. Two meta-analyses were performed on studies investigating patients with: a) oral candidiasis and b) denture stomatitis. Out of 6034 screened studies, seven were eligible for qualitative and quantitative synthesis; of these, three evaluated oral candidiasis and four evaluated denture stomatitis. Qualitative synthesis showed that the main methodological problems of the studies included sample size, source of controls, matching, and randomization. Diabetic patients had a similar chance of developing oral candidiasis to non-diabetic patients (OR1.40 [0.96; 2.04], p = 0.08, I2 = 94%). However, diabetic patients had a higher chance to present denture stomatitis compared to non-diabetic patients (OR 1.92 [1.42, 2.59] p < 0.0001, I2 = 0%). Therefore, diabetic patients have a higher chance of developing denture stomatitis compared to non-diabetic patients. However, for all analyses, the certainty of the evidence was considered to be very low.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Stomatitis, Denture
PubMed: 32965459
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0113 -
BMC Oral Health May 2023We investigated the association between oral candidiasis prevalence and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of...
BACKGROUND
We investigated the association between oral candidiasis prevalence and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted using the data of Oral Health Branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS) as a part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). RCS included in Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) was begun in 2015 in the Rafsanjan. A full-mouth examination was done by trained dental specialists. Oral candidiasis was diagnosed based on clinical examination. Information about cigarette, tobacco, and opium smoking and alcohol consumption were collected based on data from self-reported questionaries. Univariate and multivariate dichotomous logistics regression were used to assess the association between oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption.
RESULTS
Among 8682 participants with mean age of 49.94 years, the prevalence of oral candidiasis was 7.94%. There was a direct association between cigarette smoking in current and former cigarette smokers with an increased odds of oral candidiasis (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.46-4.33 and OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.18-2.25 respectively) in fully adjusted models. There was a dose-response relationship between the odds of oral candidiasis and dose (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 2.38-4.60), duration (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 2.04-3.95) and number (OR: 3.01, 95% CI: 2.02-4.50) of cigarette smoking in the 4th quartile compared to reference group.
CONCLUSIONS
A dose-response relationship was shown between cigarette smoking and increased odds of oral candidiasis.
Topics: Humans; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Opium; Cohort Studies; Prospective Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Iran; Candidiasis, Oral; Alcohol Drinking; Ethanol; Tobacco Products
PubMed: 37147684
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02969-1 -
PloS One 2023Overgrowth of Candida yeasts in the oral cavity may result in the development of oral thrush in immunocompromised individuals. This study analyzed the diversity and...
Overgrowth of Candida yeasts in the oral cavity may result in the development of oral thrush in immunocompromised individuals. This study analyzed the diversity and richness of the oral mycobiota of patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush (OT), follow-up of oral thrush patients after antifungal therapy (AT), and healthy controls (HC). Oral rinse and oral swab samples were collected from 38 OT patients, 21 AT patients, and 41 healthy individuals (HC). Pellet from the oral rinse and oral swab were used for the isolation of oral Candida yeasts on Brilliance Candida Agar followed by molecular speciation. ITS1 amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq was performed on DNA extracted from the oral rinse pellet of 16 OT, 7 AT, and 7 HC oral rinse samples. Trimmed sequence data were taxonomically grouped and analyzed using the CLC Microbial Genomics Module workflow. Candida yeasts were isolated at significantly higher rates from oral rinse and swab samples of OT (68.4%, p < 0.001) and AT (61.9%, p = 0.012) patients, as compared to HC (26.8%). Predominance of Candida albicans specifically, was noted in OT (60.5%, p < 0.001) and AT (42.9%, p = 0.006) vs. HC (9.8%), while non-albicans Candida species was dominant in HC. Analysis of oral mycobiota from OT patients showed the presence of 8 phyla, 222 genera, and 309 fungal species. Low alpha diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.006; Chao-1 biased corrected index, p = 0.01), varied beta diversity (Bray-Curtis, p = 0.01986; Jaccard, p = 0.02766; Weighted UniFrac, p = 0.00528), and increased relative abundance of C. albicans (p = 3.18E-02) was significantly associated with the oral mycobiota of OT vs. HC. This study supported that C. albicans is the main etiological agent in oral thrush and highlights the association of fungal biodiversity with the pathophysiology of oral thrush.
Topics: Humans; Candidiasis, Oral; Candida; Candida albicans; Agar; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 37068057
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284043 -
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences... Jan 2023The mouth is a vital point of entry into the human body, the health of the mouth entails mental, physical as well as social well-being. Studying diseases, microbiota and... (Review)
Review
The mouth is a vital point of entry into the human body, the health of the mouth entails mental, physical as well as social well-being. Studying diseases, microbiota and environmental conditions of the mouth is important to maintain oral health and all body. The smoke of tobacco cigarettes is one of the worst habits that affect the health of the mouth and the body. Therefore, this review has been conducted to study the effect of smoking on the balance of the oral microbiota and the opportunistic organisms, one of the most important of them <i>Candida</i>. Although a few studies have found that cigarette smoking does not influence carriage by <i>Candida</i> significantly. However, most of the studies had results completely contrary to that, smoking cigarettes affect <i>Candida</i> pathogenic characteristics such as a transition from yeast to hyphal form, biofilm formation and, virulence-related gene expressions. Tobacco is not only an inducer of the transition process but it considers an excellent medium for this process. Furthermore, smoking was significantly associated with <i>Candida</i> pathogenicity in patients with clinically suspected oral leukoplakia and smoking worsens oral candidiasis and dampens epithelial cell defense response. Nicotine significantly altered the composition and proportion of yeast cells, as well as the extracellular polysaccharide amounts which increase biofilm matrix and thickness which could promote oral candidiasis. Smoking has the potential to alter the oral condition and cause severe oxidative stress, thereby damaging the epithelial barrier of the mouth. These oxidative molecules during smoking activate epithelial cells proteins called oxidative stress-sensing proteins. If some of these proteins induced, widely thought to have anti-inflammatory properties, inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are linked to inflammation and oxidative stress is thought to be a possible therapeutic objective and a crucial regulator for smoking-related oral diseases and mouth candidiasis for instance leukoplakia. Also, it is transported into the cell nucleus in the existence of additional electrophilic chemicals to activate antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Therefore, smoking cigarettes destroys oral health and consequently destroys the health of the whole body.
Topics: Humans; Candidiasis, Oral; Smokers; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Smoking; Candida
PubMed: 37129200
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.1.14 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023One of the most common oral diseases affecting people wearing dentures is chronic atrophic candidiasis or denture stomatitis (DS). The aim of the paper is to provide an... (Review)
Review
One of the most common oral diseases affecting people wearing dentures is chronic atrophic candidiasis or denture stomatitis (DS). The aim of the paper is to provide an update on the pathogenesis, presentation, and management of DS in general dental practice settings. A comprehensive review of the literature published in the last ten years was undertaken using multiple databases, including PubMed via MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus. The eligible articles were analyzed to identify evidence-based strategies for the management of DS. Despite its multifactorial nature, the leading cause of DS is the development of oral biofilm, which is facilitated by poor oral and denture hygiene, long-term denture wear, ill-fitting dentures, and the porosity of the acrylic resin in the dentures. DS affects between 17 and 75% of the population wearing dentures, with a slight predominance in elderly females. The mucosal denture surfaces and posterior tongue are the common sites of DS, and the affected areas exhibit erythema, the swelling of the palatal mucosa and edema. Oral and denture hygiene protocols, adjusting or re-fabricating poorly adapting dentures, smoking cessation, avoiding nocturnal denture wear, and the administration of topical or systemic antifungals are the mainstay of management. Alternate treatments such as microwave disinfection, phytomedicine, photodynamic therapy, and incorporation of antifungals and nanoparticles into denture resins are being evaluated for the treatment of DS but require further evidence before routine use in clinical practice. In summary, DS is the most common oral inflammatory lesion experienced by denture wearers. Most patients with DS can be managed in general dental practice settings. Effective management by general dental practitioners may be supported by a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis, the recognition of the clinical presentation, and an awareness of contemporary treatment strategies.
Topics: Female; Humans; Aged; Stomatitis, Denture; Dentures; Antifungal Agents; Dentists; Professional Role; Candidiasis, Oral; Stomatitis; Candida albicans
PubMed: 36833718
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043029 -
Oral Diseases Jan 2020To investigate associated risk factors for oral candidiasis in elderly patients hospitalized in a community-based acute-care hospital with no dental units.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate associated risk factors for oral candidiasis in elderly patients hospitalized in a community-based acute-care hospital with no dental units.
METHODS
Two hundred and twenty-eight elderly patients (male: 105, female: 123), who were hospitalized with several systemic diseases in a community-based acute-care hospital from May 2014 to October 2016, were retrospectively analysed by multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS
Multiple logistic regression analysis shows that bacterial pneumonia has a statistically strong relationship with oral candidiasis (p = 0.000, OR: 5.173, 95% CI: 2.368-11.298). The order followed is poor oral hygiene (p = 0.001, OR: 6.095, 95% CI: 2.003-18.545) and severe dry mouth (p = 0.043, OR: 2.507, 95% CI: 1.031-6.098). Other correlated factors including diabetes mellitus, denture wearer, dysphagia, malnutrition, requiring care and use of inhalation steroids, were not statistically significant in this study.
CONCLUSIONS
Bacterial pneumonia correlates with oral candidiasis.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Candidiasis, Oral; Deglutition Disorders; Dentures; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Community; Humans; Male; Malnutrition; Oral Hygiene; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Steroids; Xerostomia
PubMed: 31621985
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13216 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Mar 2022To compare the efficacy and safety of topical antifungal drugs for oral candidiasis in adults and children. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy and safety of topical antifungal drugs for oral candidiasis in adults and children.
STUDY DESIGN
Databases were searched from their inception to December 2020. The inclusion criterion was randomized controlled trials comparing topical antifungal agents. The primary outcomes were clinical response and mycological cure rates. The secondary outcomes were adverse reaction incidence and relapse rate.
RESULTS
In adults with oral candidiasis, fluconazole showed a better clinical response rate than clotrimazole (P = 0.001; risk ratio [RR], 1.14), but a similar mycological cure rate (P = 0.57; RR, 1.03). There was no significant difference in clinical response and mycological cure rates with either fluconazole and amphotericin B (clinical: P = 0.47, RR, 0.96; mycological: P = 0.99, RR, 1.00) or with either itraconazole and clotrimazole (clinical: P = 0.51, RR, 1.06; mycological: P = 0.45, RR, 1.32). For immunocompetent patients, fluconazole was superior to clotrimazole in terms of clinical response rate. For immunosuppressed patients, clotrimazole and itraconazole presented similar clinical response and mycological cure rates, but the relapse rate with itraconazole was lower than that with clotrimazole. In infants, miconazole and nystatin showed similar clinical response rates (P = 0.36; RR, 1.23), whereas miconazole presented a superior mycological cure rate (P = 0.03; RR, 4.03).
CONCLUSIONS
Fluconazole and amphotericin B are recommended as topical antifungal agents for adults with oral candidiasis. Existing studies tend to recommend fluconazole for immunocompetent patients and itraconazole for immunosuppressed patients, whereas miconazole is recommended for infants.
Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Oral; Child; Fluconazole; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
PubMed: 34924340
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.023