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Laboratory Animals Aug 2022Denture stomatitis is the most prevalent form of oral candidiasis and the most frequent oral lesion in removable prosthesis wearers. It is characterized by an... (Review)
Review
Denture stomatitis is the most prevalent form of oral candidiasis and the most frequent oral lesion in removable prosthesis wearers. It is characterized by an inflammatory response of the denture-bearing mucosa, especially the palatal mucosa, and its clinical signs include chronic edema and erythema, and papillary hyperplasia. Despite having a multifactorial etiology, its main etiological agent is the infection by . Given its high treatment failure rates, an in vivo model of denture stomatitis should be established to test alternative treatments. The aim of this study is to review the existing denture stomatitis models and to provide an overview of the main methodological differences between them. Over the last 40 years, different animal models were developed in order to study denture stomatitis etiopathogenesis and to assess novel therapies. Many approaches, including the use of antibiotics and immunosuppressors, have to be further investigated in order to establish which protocol is more appropriate and effective for the development of an animal model of denture stomatitis.
Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Disease Models, Animal; Mouth Mucosa; Stomatitis, Denture
PubMed: 35072576
DOI: 10.1177/00236772211069249 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Feb 2023Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection conventionally treated with antifungal drugs. However, the increasing number of fungal infections, parallel to the rising... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection conventionally treated with antifungal drugs. However, the increasing number of fungal infections, parallel to the rising conditions sustained by non-albicans species, pose critical issues related to escalating drug resistances differently acquired by different species. Meanwhile, the knowledge of the interplay between oral microbiota and its host suggests alternative antifungal therapies based on the administration of probiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms beneficial to the host, and literature reports consistent evidence for their use to treat gut diseases. The present work aimed to overview the primary mechanisms through which probiotics act against Candida species and the current status of knowledge on their use in clinical practice, particularly concerning oral candidiasis.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Precision Medicine; Candida; Probiotics
PubMed: 36959105
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbe1501006 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Jan 2021Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected people are more likely to develop tuberculosis (TB), being the leading cause of death in HIV-1. Candida spp has emerged... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected people are more likely to develop tuberculosis (TB), being the leading cause of death in HIV-1. Candida spp has emerged as potential pathogenic fungi in patients with HIV and bronchopulmonary diseases. This systematic review summarizes the available data on the occurrence of oral candidiasis (OC) in the HIV-1/pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB) coinfection.
METHODS
Articles that reported the occurrence of OC in the HIV-1-pTB coinfection were searched in eight databases. Observational studies that evaluated the association between OC and HIV-1-pTB coinfection were selected. The risk of bias was assessed using the meta-analysis of statistics assessment and review instrument (MAStARI) checklist.
RESULTS
From a total of 1858 records, after application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, six were included in the meta-analysis. Three studies were at low risk, one at moderate risk, and two at high risk of bias. Considerable heterogeneity across the studies was identified. Meta-analyses performed showed no difference in the prevalence of OC between HIV-1 patients with and without pTB coinfection (odds ratio M-H = 1.77; 95% CI = 0.69 to 4.52).
CONCLUSION
There is no association between OC and HIV-1/pTB coinfection.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42019128735.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Coinfection; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 33412246
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104720 -
Journal of Dental Research Apr 2016The oral cavity is a unique niche where Candida albicans infections occur in immunocompetent as well as immunosuppressed individuals. Here we critically review the... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is a unique niche where Candida albicans infections occur in immunocompetent as well as immunosuppressed individuals. Here we critically review the significance of human innate immune response in preventing oral candidiasis. One important line of defense against oropharyngeal candidiasis is the oral microbiota that prevents infection by competing for space and nutrients as well as by secreting antagonistic molecules and triggering local inflammatory responses. C. albicans is able to induce mucosal defenses through activation of immune cells and production of cytokines. Also, saliva contains various proteins that affect C. albicans growth positively by promoting mucosal adherence and negatively through immune exclusion and direct fungicidal activity. We further discuss the role of saliva in unifying host innate immune defenses against C. albicans as a communicating medium and how C. albicans overgrowth in the oral cavity may be a result of aberrations ranging from microbial dysbiosis and salivary dysfunction to epithelial damage. Last we underscore select oral diseases in which C. albicans is a contributory microorganism in immune-competent individuals.
Topics: Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 26747422
DOI: 10.1177/0022034515625222 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Jun 2021Emerging drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans have led to the recurrence of fungal disease, rendering conventional drug therapies ineffective. Although in vitro... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Emerging drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans have led to the recurrence of fungal disease, rendering conventional drug therapies ineffective. Although in vitro studies on flavonoids as novel antifungal products have shown promising results, there is currently limited information regarding their in vivo effects. The aim of this review is to evaluate in vivo studies on the antifungal activity of flavonoids against C. albicans, as novel therapeutic agents. In this regard, we conducted broad searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase covering the years 2009-2020.
HIGHLIGHT
Flavonoids represent new natural therapeutic compounds to treat oral candidiasis. Among subclasses of flavonoids, flavonols and chalcones appear to have the most significant antifungal activities. Oral administration of Canthin-6-one, a flavonol, has the potential to damage fungal cell membrane while having minimal toxic effects on mice. Similarly, topical oral application of lichochalcone-A, a chalcone, reduces oral candidiasis in mice. There appears to be structural similarities in the hydroxyl residues among compounds within the same subclass of flavonoids, which may contribute to antibiofilm activity. Oral topical application of flavonoids shows low toxicity and has clinical relevance as potential novel antifungal treatments.
CONCLUSION
Flavonoids are a group of natural products exhibiting antifungal activity. The subclasses flavonols and chalcones appear to have the most significant in vivo antifungal activity against C. albicans infections in mouse models. Specifically, quercetin (flavonol) has been applied via vaginal gavage in a murine vulvovaginal candidiasis model, whereas lichochalcone-A (chalcone) has shown topical oral application in C. albicans-inoculated mice. Both compounds show efficacy in fungal elimination via biofilm inhibition for their respective subclasses. The translational significance of these in vivo studies should be examined in clinical trials of selected potent compounds for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the specific mechanisms of flavonoids as antifungal agents.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Flavonoids; Humans; Mice
PubMed: 33839266
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.03.004 -
Future Microbiology Nov 2020Oral candidiasis are among the most common noncommunicable diseases, related with serious local and systemic illnesses. Although these infections can occur in all kinds... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis are among the most common noncommunicable diseases, related with serious local and systemic illnesses. Although these infections can occur in all kinds of patients, they are more recurrent in immunosuppressed ones such as patients with HIV, hepatitis, cancer or under long antimicrobial treatments. continues to be the most frequently identified spp. in these disorders, but other non- are rising. Understanding the immune responses involved in oral spp. infections is a key feature to a successful treatment and to the design of novel therapies. In this review, we performed a literature search in PubMed and WoS, in order to examine and analyze common oral spp.-bacteria/ interactions and the host immunity response in oral candidiasis.
Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 33251818
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0113 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022Oral candidiasis has a high rate of development, especially in immunocompromised patients. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapies in hospitalized HIV and cancer... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis has a high rate of development, especially in immunocompromised patients. Immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapies in hospitalized HIV and cancer patients are known to induce the poor management of adverse reactions, where local and systemic candidiasis become highly resistant to conventional antifungal therapy. The development of oral candidiasis is triggered by several mechanisms that determine oral epithelium imbalances, resulting in poor local defense and a delayed immune system response. As a result, pathogenic fungi colonies disseminate and form resistant biofilms, promoting serious challenges in initiating a proper therapeutic protocol. Hence, this study of the literature aimed to discuss possibilities and new trends through antifungal therapy for buccal drug administration. A large number of studies explored the antifungal activity of new agents or synergic components that may enhance the effect of classic drugs. It was of significant interest to find connections between smart biomaterials and their activity, to find molecular responses and mechanisms that can conquer the multidrug resistance of fungi strains, and to transpose them into a molecular map. Overall, attention is focused on the nanocolloids domain, nanoparticles, nanocomposite synthesis, and the design of polymeric platforms to satisfy sustained antifungal activity and high biocompatibility with the oral mucosa.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Biofilms; Candidiasis; Candidiasis, Oral; Fungi; Humans
PubMed: 35886869
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147520 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2023Oral colonization and infection by Candida species are common in cancer patients receiving chemoradiotherapy, which has significantly increased in recent years. This...
Oral colonization and infection by Candida species are common in cancer patients receiving chemoradiotherapy, which has significantly increased in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency, distribution, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida species isolates in patients with hematological malignancy and solid tumors. This study was conducted on a total of 45 cancer patients undergoing treatment with concurrent chemoradiotherapy within 2019-2020. The identification of Candida species was accomplished based on conventional examination and molecular assays. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined based on the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The highest prevalence rates of oral candidiasis were observed in patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia (24.4%) and lymphoma (20%). The majority of the patients had oral candidiasis caused by non-albicans Candida species (64.4%). The results of the multiplex PCR for the identification of Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis, Candida bracarensis, and species-specific Candida parapsilosis complex showed that all isolate amplification products at 397 bp and 171 bp were related to C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis, respectively. There was a significant difference in the Candida species distribution between the hematological malignancies and solid tumors patients. The results of MIC showed that clotrimazole, voriconazole, and caspofungin were the most effective antifungal drugs against oral non-Candida albicans isolates. An understanding of the epidemiology of oral candidiasis among hematological malignancies and solid tumors patients is currently imperative to guide optimal empirical treatment strategies for affected patients.
Topics: Humans; Candidiasis, Oral; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Neoplasms; Candida glabrata; Candida parapsilosis; Hematologic Neoplasms; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Drug Resistance, Fungal
PubMed: 36378415
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00863-6 -
Journal of Biological Regulators and... 2019Candida species are commensal yeasts of the oral cavity, which, under predisposing systemic and/or local circumstances, are responsible for a wide variety of clinical... (Review)
Review
Candida species are commensal yeasts of the oral cavity, which, under predisposing systemic and/or local circumstances, are responsible for a wide variety of clinical manifestations, globally known as oral candidiasis. Candida-associated denture stomatitis is an oral candidiasis particularly affecting the oral mucosa covered by a dental prosthesis, with several degree of severity. Diabetics suffer oral candidiasis more frequently than healthy individuals do and if they are denture wearers, the risk increases. Since various controversies still remain regarding the interrelationship among diabetes, oral Candida spp. strains involved in denture stomatitis and the presence of dentures, the present review aims to investigate the differences in Candida species frequencies and degree of denture stomatitis severity existing among diabetic and non- diabetic individuals, with and without dentures.
Topics: Candida; Candidiasis, Oral; Dentures; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Stomatitis, Denture
PubMed: 31538448
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Oral Investigations Jul 2022To advance studies on the effect of a new pharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of oral fungal infections, we evaluated the safety and tolerability of orabase...
OBJECTIVE
To advance studies on the effect of a new pharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of oral fungal infections, we evaluated the safety and tolerability of orabase ointment containing cinnamaldehyde for use on the oral mucosa.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A clinical trial (phase I) was carried out on 35 individuals with healthy oral mucosa divided into three groups: ointments at 200 µg/mL, n = 12; 300 µg/mL, n = 11; and 400 µg/mL, n = 12. Product safety was assessed using three parameters: (a) clinical evolution as recorded by trained examiners; (b) evolution of the inflammatory process as registered by an exfoliative cytology exam and analyzed by trained pathologists; (c) mucosal swab to count Candida spp. colony-forming units (CFU). These parameters were analyzed both beforehand and at 15 days of treatment.
RESULTS
The three ointment concentrations evaluated did not trigger inflammatory processes. The mycological analyses revealed a reduction of at least 99% in the number of Candida spp. CFU. In the exfoliative cytology analyses, the cells were found to be healthy. Participants reported a pleasant taste, yet 17% reported a slight burning sensation when applying the product.
CONCLUSIONS
The ointment is safe and tolerable for use on healthy oral mucosa.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Registration number: RBR-7zwzs3.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The ointment proved to be safe and tolerable for use on oral mucosa, encouraging studies to evaluate its clinical efficacy in patients with oral candidiasis, and contributing to a new therapeutic proposal for the treatment of fungal infections caused by Candida spp.
Topics: Acrolein; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidiasis, Oral; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Humans; Mycoses; Ointments
PubMed: 35305150
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04450-9