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Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... May 2022The diagnosis of oral melanotic lesions is, more often than not, challenging in the clinical practice due to the fact that there are several reasons which may cause an... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The diagnosis of oral melanotic lesions is, more often than not, challenging in the clinical practice due to the fact that there are several reasons which may cause an increase in pigmentation on localized or generalized areas. Among these, medication stands out.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this work, we have carried out a review in the reference pharma database: Micromedex® followed by a review of the scientific published literature to analyse coincidences and possible discrepancies.
RESULTS
Our findings show that there are several prescription drugs that can cause pigmented lesions in the oral mucosa. This must be known by clinicians in order to properly diagnose pigmented lesions. We have identified a set of 21 medicaments which cause these lesions, some of which are used frequently in the clinic, such as Metronidazole, Amitriptyline, conjugated oestrogens and Chlorhexidine gluconate. We also found discrepancies with the data published in specialized literature, some of which wasn't reflected in the Summary of Product Characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS
Our work highlights the importance of the proper communication of adverse drug reactions (ADR) by health professionals in order to provide thorough and accurate information and diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer; Pigmentation
PubMed: 35420067
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.25110 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The oral mucosa is a membranous structure comprising epithelial and connective tissue that covers the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is the first immune barrier to protect... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa is a membranous structure comprising epithelial and connective tissue that covers the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is the first immune barrier to protect the body against pathogens for systemic protection. It is frequently exposed to mechanical abrasion, chemical erosion, and pathogenic invasion, resulting in oral mucosal lesions, particularly inflammatory diseases. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial biological process in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal disorders, which are classified into three types (types 1, 2, and 3) based on their physiological consequences. Among these, type-2 EMT is crucial in wound repair, organ fibrosis, and tissue regeneration. It causes infectious and dis-infectious immunological diseases, such as oral lichen planus (OLP), oral leukoplakia, oral submucosal fibrosis, and other precancerous lesions. However, the mechanism and cognition between type-2 EMT and oral mucosal inflammatory disorders remain unknown. This review first provides a comprehensive evaluation of type-2 EMT in chronically inflammatory oral mucosal disorders. The aim is to lay a foundation for future research and suggest potential treatments.
Topics: Humans; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Mouth Diseases; Lichen Planus, Oral; Mouth Mucosa; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 36389753
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020768 -
Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North... Feb 2017Mucosal wounds tend to heal more rapidly than skin wounds and with minimal to no scar formation and hence have a minimal impact on function or aesthetics. This is likely... (Review)
Review
Mucosal wounds tend to heal more rapidly than skin wounds and with minimal to no scar formation and hence have a minimal impact on function or aesthetics. This is likely due to differences in the magnitude and timing of the various factors that contribute to wound healing. Some examples of these differences are fibroblast proliferation, transforming growth factor-β, macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells. Other factors, such as the moist environment, contribute to the favorable wound-healing characteristics of mucosa.
Topics: Cicatrix; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Postoperative Complications; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 27888897
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2016.08.008 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2019Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive, scarring disease affecting oral, oropharyngeal, and sometimes the esophageal mucosa. It is characterized by the... (Review)
Review
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive, scarring disease affecting oral, oropharyngeal, and sometimes the esophageal mucosa. It is characterized by the progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissue. The pathogenesis of OSMF has been directly related to the habit of chewing areca nut and its commercial preparation, which is widespread in Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The areca nut has been classified as a "group one human carcinogen." Oral squamous cell carcinoma in the background of OSMF is one of the most common malignancies in South and Southeast Asian countries. Malignant transformation has been reported in 7%-12% cases of OSMF. Histopathological spectrum of OSMF includes the apparent alterations observed in the epithelium and connective tissue. Epithelial atrophy and sometimes epithelial hyperplasia with or without dysplasia are the peculiar alterations seen in the epithelium. In the connective tissue, there is extracellular matrix remodeling which results in excessive collagenization. Further cross-linking of collagen leads to hyalinization which makes the collagen resistant to proteolysis. Owing to fibrosis in the connective tissue, there is narrowing of blood vessels which further results in compromised blood supply to the local tissue milieu, that is, hypoxia. This tissue hypoxia elicits angiogenesis which may result in the malignant transformation of OSMF. Perpetual irritation of areca nut and its constituents to the oral mucosa leads to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and further juxtaepithelial inflammation. Thus, these coordinated reactions in epithelium and connective tissue leads the OSMF toward malignant transformation.
Topics: Animals; Atrophy; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Hyperplasia; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Oral Submucous Fibrosis
PubMed: 31169205
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_522_17 -
Life Sciences Jun 2019Oral epithelial barrier consists of closely controlled structure of the stratified squamous epithelium, which is the gateway to human bodies and encounters a huge burden... (Review)
Review
Oral epithelial barrier consists of closely controlled structure of the stratified squamous epithelium, which is the gateway to human bodies and encounters a huge burden of microbial, airborne and dietary antigens, as well as masticatory damage. Once this barrier is destroyed, it will trigger bone loss, tissue damage and microbial dysbiosis and lead to diseases, such as periodontitis, oral mucosal diseases and oral cancer. Recently, increasing evidences showed that different factors including microorganism, saliva, proteins and immune components have been considered to play a critical role in the disruption of oral epithelial barrier. Herein, we discussed mechanisms governing the maintenance of oral epithelial barrier. Besides, the role of oral epithelial barrier failure in oral carcinogenesis will also be talked about.
Topics: Animals; Dysbiosis; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Periodontitis; Saliva
PubMed: 31002922
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.029 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2016Saliva is a unique biological fluid that can be easily collected and analyzed with low cost and low morbidity. Therefore, there is a growing attention for using salivary... (Review)
Review
Saliva is a unique biological fluid that can be easily collected and analyzed with low cost and low morbidity. Therefore, there is a growing attention for using salivary biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progress and response to treatment. Salivary changes have been described in relation to oral mucosal diseases. This article discusses the causes and consequences of salivary hypofunction and presents a review of the literature related to changes in salivary parameters in various oral mucosal diseases and in systemic diseases with possible oral mucosal involvement.
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Saliva
PubMed: 26662486
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12102 -
Revue Medicale de Bruxelles 2018Ulcerations and erosions of the oral mucosa are common and occur at any age. Their knowledge and recognition are essential to ensure optimal care at the earliest stage.... (Review)
Review
Ulcerations and erosions of the oral mucosa are common and occur at any age. Their knowledge and recognition are essential to ensure optimal care at the earliest stage. Etiologies are numerous and the subject of different classifications. In this work, the authors address the most frequently encountered lesions, describing their main clinical presentations. A review of treatments is then proposed.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer
PubMed: 30320997
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Molecular Histology Oct 2021Rete pegs are finger-like structures that are formed during the development and wound healing process of the skin and oral mucosa, and they provide better mechanical... (Review)
Review
Rete pegs are finger-like structures that are formed during the development and wound healing process of the skin and oral mucosa, and they provide better mechanical resistance and nutritional supply between the epithelium and dermis. An increasing number of studies have shown that rete pegs have physiological functions, such as resisting bacterial invasion, body fluid loss, and other harmful changes, which indicate that rete pegs are important structures in natural skin and oral mucosa. Although a great deal of progress has been made in scaffold materials and construction methods for tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa in recent years, construction of the oral mucosa with functional rete pegs remains a major challenge. In this review, we summarized current research on the progress on formation of rete pegs in human oral mucosa as well as its molecular basis and regulatory mechanism, which might provide new ideas for functional construction of tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa.
Topics: Animals; Desmosomes; Focal Adhesions; Humans; Morphogenesis; Mouth Mucosa; Skin; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34463917
DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10016-y -
BMC Oral Health Jan 2023The stiffness of titanium mesh is a double-blade sword to repair larger alveolar ridges defect with excellent space maintenance ability, while invade the surrounding...
BACKGROUND
The stiffness of titanium mesh is a double-blade sword to repair larger alveolar ridges defect with excellent space maintenance ability, while invade the surrounding soft tissue and lead to higher mesh exposure rates. Understanding the mechanical of oral mucosa/titanium mesh/bone interface is clinically meaningful. In this study, the above relationship was analyzed by finite elements and verified by setting different keratinized tissue width in oral mucosa.
METHODS
Two three-dimensional finite element models were constructed with 5 mm keratinized tissue in labial mucosa (KM cases) and 0 mm keratinized tissue in labial mucosa (LM cases). Each model was composed of titanium mesh, titanium screws, graft materials, bone, teeth and oral mucosa. After that, a vertical (30 N) loadings were applied from both alveolar ridges direction and labial mucosa direction to stimulate the force from masticatory system. The displacements and von Mises stress of each element at the interfaces were analyzed.
RESULTS
Little displacements were found for titanium mesh, titanium screws, graft materials, bone and teeth in both LM and KM cases under different loading conditions. The maximum von Mises stress was found around the lingual titanium screw insertion place for those elements in all cases. The keratinized tissue decreased the displacement of oral mucosa, decreased the maximum von Mises stress generated by an alveolar ridges direction load, while increased those stress from labial mucosa direction load. Only the von Mises stress of the KM cases was all lower than the tensile strength of the oral mucosa.
CONCLUSION
The mucosa was vulnerable under the increasing stress generated by the force from masticatory system. The adequate buccal keratinized mucosa width are critical factors in reducing the stress beyond the titanium mesh, which might reduce the titanium exposure rate.
Topics: Humans; Stress, Mechanical; Finite Element Analysis; Titanium; Mouth Mucosa; Surgical Mesh
PubMed: 36650512
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02703-3 -
BMJ Case Reports Mar 2015Verruciform xanthoma (VX) of the oral cavity is a benign mucosal growth that often presents as a pink, yellow or grey raised plaque or papule with granular, papillary or...
Verruciform xanthoma (VX) of the oral cavity is a benign mucosal growth that often presents as a pink, yellow or grey raised plaque or papule with granular, papillary or verrucous surface morphology. Intraorally this often presents on the masticatory mucosa and extraorally often involves the skin and anogenital mucosa. There are several proposed aetiological factors and the clinical features of VX can be misleading; clinically it can resemble malignancy. Histopathological diagnosis is a key for the correct management of this lesion. Excision of this lesion is curative.
Topics: Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Floor; Mouth Mucosa; Treatment Outcome; Xanthomatosis
PubMed: 25819830
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-209216