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Veterinaria Italiana Dec 2021Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease affect domestic ruminants and cervids. However, other species may act as pathogen carriers in the transition of bluetongue... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease affect domestic ruminants and cervids. However, other species may act as pathogen carriers in the transition of bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). The wild species affected by these diseases manifest a variable range of clinical signs and lesions, and while some species appear to be extremely susceptible, showing high levels of mortality, some are resistant to these pathogens, acting as potential reservoirs of these orbiviruses. The purpose of the following review is to describe the clinical and pathological manifestations related to these diseases in wild species and to review studies performed on non-domestic species in South America, emphasizing the challenges of studying infectious diseases in free-living animals and the gaps in knowledge about bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease epidemiology. These gaps should be filled by more studies on the range of species affected and the transmission mechanisms, including in domestic species.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Reoviridae Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 34971497
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.1679.8914.5 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2020Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are vector-borne viruses belonging to the genus, which are transmitted between hosts primarily by biting...
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are vector-borne viruses belonging to the genus, which are transmitted between hosts primarily by biting midges of the genus . With recent BTV and AHSV outbreaks causing epidemics and important economy losses, there is a pressing need for efficacious drugs to treat and control the spread of these infections. The polyanionic aromatic compound aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) has been shown to have a broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Here, we evaluated ATA as a potential antiviral compound against infections in both mammalian and insect cells. Notably, ATA was able to prevent the replication of BTV and AHSV in both cell types in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, we evaluated the effect of ATA in vivo using a mouse model of infection. ATA did not protect mice against a lethal challenge with BTV or AHSV, most probably due to the in vivo effect of ATA on immune system regulation. Overall, these results demonstrate that ATA has inhibitory activity against replication in vitro, but further in vivo analysis will be required before considering it as a potential therapy for future clinical evaluation.
Topics: African Horse Sickness; African Horse Sickness Virus; Animals; Aurintricarboxylic Acid; Bluetongue virus; Ceratopogonidae; Horses; Sheep; Virus Diseases; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33023235
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197294 -
Genome-scale molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Middle Point orbiviruses from Australia.The Journal of General Virology Dec 2021Middle Point orbivirus (MPOV) is an Australian arbovirus, belongs to the species found in China. First detected and reported from Beatrice Hill, Northern Territory...
Middle Point orbivirus (MPOV) is an Australian arbovirus, belongs to the species found in China. First detected and reported from Beatrice Hill, Northern Territory (NT), MPOV has to date, only been exclusively reported from the NT, Australia. Whilst genetic characterization of MPOV has been previously described, only restricted to sequence information for segments 2 and 3 coding core protein VP2 and outer capsid protein VP3, respectively. This study presents for the first time nearly full-length genome sequences of MPOV, which represent 24 isolates collected over a span of more than 20 years from 1997 to 2018. Whilst the majority of isolates were sampled at Beatrice Hill, NT where MPOV is most frequently isolated, this report also describes the first two isolations of MPOV from Queensland (QLD), Australia. One of which is the first non-bovine isolate obtained from the mosquito vector . We further compared these MPOV sequences with known sequences of the Yunnan orbivirus and other known orbivirus sequences of mosquito origin found in Australia. The phylogenetic analyses indicate the Australian MPOV sequences are more closely related to each other than other known sequences of Yunnan orbivirus. Furthermore, MPOV sequences are closely related to sequences from the Indonesian isolate JKT-8650. The clustering of Australian sequences in the phylogenetic tree suggests the monophyletic lineage of MPOV circulating in Australia. Further, ongoing surveillance is required to assess the existence and prevalence of this or other yet undetected lineages of MPOV and other orbiviruses in Australia.
Topics: Aedes; Animals; Australia; Cattle; Genome, Viral; Mosquito Vectors; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; Reoviridae Infections; Species Specificity; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 34870577
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001685 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Aug 2022Arboviral disease is of increasing concern to human and animal health professionals as emerging and re-emerging arboviruses are more frequently recognized. Wildlife... (Review)
Review
Arboviral disease is of increasing concern to human and animal health professionals as emerging and re-emerging arboviruses are more frequently recognized. Wildlife species are known to play a role in the transmission and maintenance of arboviruses and infections can result in morbidity and mortality in wildlife hosts. In this review, we detail existing evidence of white-tailed deer () as an important host to a diverse collection of arboviruses and evaluate the utility of this species as a resource to better understand the epidemiology of related viral diseases. Relevant veterinary and zoonotic viral pathogens endemic to North America include epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, bluetongue virus, orthobunyaviruses, vesicular stomatitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Powassan virus. Exotic viral pathogens that may infect white-tailed deer are also identified with an emphasis on zoonotic disease risks. The utility of this species is attributed to the high degree of contact with humans and domestic livestock and evidence of preferential feeding by various insect vectors. There is mounting evidence that white-tailed deer are a useful, widely available source of information regarding arboviral circulation, and that surveillance and monitoring of deer populations would be of value to the understanding of certain viral transmission dynamics, with implications for improving human and domestic animal health.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Deer; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Humans
PubMed: 35867036
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0005 -
The Veterinary Record Oct 2023
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Bluetongue virus; Europe; Disease Outbreaks; Bluetongue; Ceratopogonidae; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 37861165
DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3571 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Jun 2021The availability of rapid, highly sensitive and specific molecular and serologic diagnostic assays, such as competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), has... (Review)
Review
The availability of rapid, highly sensitive and specific molecular and serologic diagnostic assays, such as competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), has expedited the diagnosis of emerging transboundary animal diseases, including bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS), and facilitated more thorough characterisation of their epidemiology. The development of assays based on real-time, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and identify the numerous serotypes of BT virus (BTV) and AHS virus (AHSV) has aided in-depth studies of the epidemiology of BTV infection in California and AHSV infection in South Africa. The subsequent evaluation of pan-serotype, real-time, RT-PCR-positive samples through the use of serotype-specific RT-PCR assays allows the rapid identification of virus serotypes, reducing the need for expensive and time-consuming conventional methods, such as virus isolation and serotype-specific virus neutralisation assays. These molecular assays and cELISA platforms provide tools that have enhanced epidemiologic surveillance strategies and improved our understanding of potentially altered Culicoides midge behaviour when infected with BTV. They have also supported the detection of subclinical AHSV infection of vaccinated horses in South Africa. Moreover, in conjunction with whole genome sequence analysis, these tests have clarified that the mechanism behind recent outbreaks of AHS in the AHS-controlled area of South Africa was the result of the reversion to virulence and/or genome reassortment of live attenuated vaccine viruses. This review focuses on the use of contemporary molecular diagnostic assays in the context of recent epidemiologic studies and explores their advantages over historic virus isolation and serologic techniques.
Topics: African Horse Sickness; African Horse Sickness Virus; Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Horse Diseases; Horses; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; South Africa
PubMed: 34140738
DOI: 10.20506/rst.40.1.3210 -
Annual Review of Animal Biosciences Feb 2022Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne, segmented double-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe disease in both wild and domestic ruminants. BTV evolves via... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne, segmented double-stranded RNA virus that can cause severe disease in both wild and domestic ruminants. BTV evolves via several key mechanisms, including the accumulation of mutations over time and the reassortment of genome segments.Additionally, BTV must maintain fitness in two disparate hosts, the insect vector and the ruminant. The specific features of viral adaptation in each host that permit host-switching are poorly characterized. Limited field studies and experimental work have alluded to the presence of these phenomena at work, but our understanding of the factors that drive or constrain BTV's genetic diversification remains incomplete. Current research leveraging novel approaches and whole genome sequencing applications promises to improve our understanding of BTV's evolution, ultimately contributing to the development of better predictive models and management strategies to reduce future impacts of bluetongue epizootics.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Genomics; Insect Vectors; Ruminants; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 35167317
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-051721-023724 -
Current Opinion in Virology Feb 2019Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are globally re-emerging diseases of domestic and wild ruminants, respectively caused by BT virus (BTV) and EHD... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are globally re-emerging diseases of domestic and wild ruminants, respectively caused by BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus. Both viruses are transmitted by hematophagous midges; however, newly recognized BTV serotypes may be transmitted horizontally without requirement for any biological vector. The global range of these viruses and/or their associated diseases have changed remarkably in recent years, most notably with the invasion of Europe by multiple serotypes of BTV since 1998. Although not zoonoses, the unanticipated emergence of BT and EHD in several different areas of the world provides a uniquely sobering and unambiguous reminder of the potential consequences of climate change on the distribution and severity of vector-borne diseases. Recent experiences with these viruses have also emphasized the need for effective, DIVA-compatible vaccines to combat anticipated future incursions, as existing vaccines have serious inherent deficiencies.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Ceratopogonidae; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Reoviridae Infections; Ruminants; Sheep; Vector Borne Diseases
PubMed: 30654271
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.005 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Jun 2015Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are arthropod-transmitted viruses in the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. These viruses... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are arthropod-transmitted viruses in the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. These viruses infect a variety of domestic and wild ruminant hosts, although the susceptibility to clinical disease associated with BTV or EHDV infection varies greatly among host species, as well as between individuals of the same species. Since their initial detection in North America during the 1950s, these viruses have circulated in endemic and epidemic patterns, with occasional incursions to more northern latitudes. In recent years, changes in the pattern of BTV and EHDV infection and disease have forced the scientific community to revisit some fundamental areas related to the epidemiology of these diseases, specifically in relation to virus-vector-host interactions and environmental factors that have potentially enabled the observed changes. The aim of this review is to identify research and surveillance gaps that obscure our understanding of BT and EHD in North America.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Ceratopogonidae; Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic; Insect Vectors; North America; Reoviridae Infections; Research; Ruminants; Sheep
PubMed: 26086556
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1703 -
Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2016Bluetongue is an economically important disease of ruminants. The causative agent, Bluetongue virus (BTV), is mainly transmitted by insect vectors. This review focuses... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue is an economically important disease of ruminants. The causative agent, Bluetongue virus (BTV), is mainly transmitted by insect vectors. This review focuses on vector-free BTV transmission, and its epizootic and economic consequences. Vector-free transmission can either be vertical, from dam to fetus, or horizontal via direct contract. For several BTV-serotypes, vertical (transplacental) transmission has been described, resulting in severe congenital malformations. Transplacental transmission had been mainly associated with live vaccine strains. Yet, the European BTV-8 strain demonstrated a high incidence of transplacental transmission in natural circumstances. The relevance of transplacental transmission for the epizootiology is considered limited, especially in enzootic areas. However, transplacental transmission can have a substantial economic impact due to the loss of progeny. Inactivated vaccines have demonstrated to prevent transplacental transmission. Vector-free horizontal transmission has also been demonstrated. Since direct horizontal transmission requires close contact of animals, it is considered only relevant for within-farm spreading of BTV. The genetic determinants which enable vector-free transmission are present in virus strains circulating in the field. More research into the genetic changes which enable vector-free transmission is essential to better evaluate the risks associated with outbreaks of new BTV serotypes and to design more appropriate control measures.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue; Bluetongue virus; Cattle; Disease Vectors; Europe; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Sheep; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 24645633
DOI: 10.3109/1040841X.2013.879850