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Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and... Dec 2021This study sought to compare enamel surface morphology and orthodontic bracket re-bonding strength after phosphoric acid- or erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet...
This study sought to compare enamel surface morphology and orthodontic bracket re-bonding strength after phosphoric acid- or erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser-mediated re-etching. A total of 81 extracted premolars were obtained from patients undergoing orthodontic procedures. Conventional etching with 35% phosphoric acid was first used to bond brackets to the enamel surface. Then brackets were de-bonded 1 week later. These samples were then separated randomly into three groups ( = 27 teeth each group) and re-bonded with new brackets after one of the following re-etching manners: Group A-35% phosphoric acid, Group B-Er:YAG laser (200 mJ, 30 Hz), and Group C-Er:YAG laser (250 mJ, 30 Hz). The enamel surface and the interface of enamel and adhesive were then analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. Shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were also measured. Samples in Group A exhibited significant residual adhesive at the enamel surface, whereas samples in Groups B and C showed a cleaner surface with more distinct and evenly distributed honeycomb-like structures. Further, samples in Group C displayed a larger average SBS value between the two laser-etching groups, although there were no significant differences in SBS values or ARI scores between the acid and laser re-etching groups ( > 0.05). Er:YAG laser-based enamel re-etching (250 mJ, 30 Hz) produces an uniform honeycomb-like structure and a trend of similar SBS compared with 35% phosphoric acid-mediated re-etching. Er:YAG laser-mediated re-etching seems to be a promising alternative approach for bracket re-bonding.
Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Dental Enamel; Humans; Lasers, Solid-State; Orthodontic Brackets; Phosphoric Acids; Surface Properties
PubMed: 34797698
DOI: 10.1089/photob.2021.0049 -
Dental Materials Journal Oct 2022This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of four bonding agents used to bond metal brackets to zirconia under different storage conditions. Four...
This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of four bonding agents used to bond metal brackets to zirconia under different storage conditions. Four bonding agents were used [FLC: (Fuji ORTHO LC), XT: (Transbond XT), RUC-SBU: (Rely X Ultimate Clicker Adhesive Resin Cement+Single Bond Universal), and RUC-GBU: (Rely X Ultimate Clicker Adhesive Resin Cement+Gluma Bond Universal)] to bond two types of metal brackets (PT/3M) to zirconia surfaces, and they were stored in water at 37ºC for 24 h or thermocycling for 3,000 cycles. The SBS data of RUC-SBU and RUC-GBU using PT brackets were significantly higher than those of 3M brackets before and after thermocycling. It could be concluded that RUC-SBU and RUC-GBU could offer sufficient bond strength between metal brackets and zirconia for the short term compared with FLC and XT. The design of brackets can significantly affect the bond strength to zirconia.
Topics: Dental Bonding; Dental Stress Analysis; Materials Testing; Orthodontic Brackets; Resin Cements; Shear Strength; Water; Zirconium
PubMed: 36070928
DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-028 -
Clinical Oral Investigations May 2017The aims were to evaluate the levels of bacterial species in saliva and in situ and to assess whether the design of brackets influences the risk of developing... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
The aims were to evaluate the levels of bacterial species in saliva and in situ and to assess whether the design of brackets influences the risk of developing periodontal disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty patients (13.3 mean age) were bonded with self-ligating brackets and a conventional bracket. Saliva was collected before bonding and 30 and 60 days after bonding. One sample of each bracket was removed 30 and 60 days after bonding. The analysis was determined by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The data was evaluated by the non-parametric test.
RESULTS
A significant increase in the levels of bacterial species in the saliva occurred in 15 of the 22 analyzed species. The self-ligating brackets presented the highest incidence percentages for the orange and red complexes 60 days after bonding. In situ analyses showed different patterns according to the bracket design. The levels of Campylobacter rectus showed significant differences (p = 0.011) 60 days after bonding among the three brackets; the highest values were observed in the In-Ovation®R bracket.
CONCLUSIONS
The bracket design seems to influence the levels of bacterial species involved in periodontal disease. Considering the wide variety of bacterial species, additional studies are needed to aid in the establishment of effective protocols to prevent the development of periodontal disease during orthodontic treatment.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
A dynamic alteration in the oral microbiota may lead to inflammatory reactions in the supporting soft and hard tissues. The different types of brackets interfere with bacterial adherence. Bracket design should be considered in orthodontic treatment.
Topics: Adolescent; Brazil; DNA Probes; Dental Bonding; Female; Humans; Male; Orthodontic Appliance Design; Orthodontic Brackets; Saliva
PubMed: 27270902
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1865-5 -
International Orthodontics Dec 2023Re-mineralizing surface pretreatment is essential for both controlling and preventing white spot lesion (WSL) throughout the time of fixed orthodontic treatment. It is... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Re-mineralizing surface pretreatment is essential for both controlling and preventing white spot lesion (WSL) throughout the time of fixed orthodontic treatment. It is also important that the re-mineralizing have no negative impact on the bonding between the bracket, adhesive, and enamel. Therefore, this review is aimed to investigate the orthodontic brackets' shear bond strength after re-mineralizing surface treatment of enamel.
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
The review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. In-vitro experimental studies measuring shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets on both demineralized and intact enamel following re-mineralizing surface treatment were included. Database search was done in PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct during July 2023. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed according to the guidelines for the reporting of pre-clinical in-vitro studies. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the included studies were done.
RESULTS
Matching the inclusion criteria, 46 and 37 studies were selected for qualitative and quantitative analysis respectively. On intact enamel re-mineralizing agents had no negative impact on the brackets' SBS. On the contrary, they seemed to enhance the bond strength remarkably on the demineralized enamel.
DISCUSSION
Re-mineralizing surface pretreatment is crucial prior to fixed orthodontic treatment as it did not reduce the bond strength. Although, it cannot be judged depending solely on the in-vitro results with high heterogeneity. Clinical evidence is required to support the statement.
Topics: Humans; Resin Cements; Orthodontic Brackets; Dental Enamel; Shear Strength; Dental Bonding; Materials Testing; Surface Properties; Dental Stress Analysis
PubMed: 37647675
DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100807 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2021The objective of this study was to compare the effects of the debonding of three different bracket types by means of three popular debonding methods. A total of 180...
Safe Debonding of Fixed Appliances: A Comparison of Traditional Techniques and LODI Devices on Different Bracket Types in Terms of Enamel Cracks, Site of Bond Failure, and Bracket Reusability.
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of the debonding of three different bracket types by means of three popular debonding methods. A total of 180 human third molars was divided into six groups, consisting of 20 teeth each. Three bracket types were bonded to the enamel (metal brackets with an integral base and a foil mesh base, and ceramic brackets) and three methods of bracket debonding were employed (bracket removal pliers, Weingart pliers, and Lift-Off Debonding Instrument). The samples were examined with scanning electron microscopy to assess the number of enamel cracks, measure the area of adhesive remaining on the enamel, and calculate the adhesive remnant index (ARI). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of the number of enamel cracks after bracket debonding. The amount of adhesive remaining on the teeth after the brackets were removed was significantly different between the groups. LODI and Weingart pliers are considered to be the safest methods of debonding brackets with an integral base, while LODI is the best tool for brackets with foil mesh. Bracket removal pliers are considered to be the preferred method for ceramic bracket debonding.
Topics: Ceramics; Dental Enamel; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed; Orthodontic Brackets; Surface Properties
PubMed: 34639565
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910267 -
Brazilian Dental Journal 2021This study evaluated shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI) and fracture mode of chemically and mechanically retained ceramic brackets bonded with...
This study evaluated shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI) and fracture mode of chemically and mechanically retained ceramic brackets bonded with different composite resins and irradiated with CO2 laser. The null hypothesis was that ceramic brackets bonded with different composite resins and irradiated with CO2 laser would have similar SBS values. Ninety human premolars were divided into four experimental groups according to the combination of type of composite resin (Transbond XT and Z 250) and type of ceramic bracket (Fascination and Mystique), and two control groups (n=15). In the four experimental groups, the brackets were irradiated with CO2 laser at 10 W for 3 seconds before SBS testing. Enamel surface ARI was calculated after debonding under electron microscopy scanning. ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. The laser groups had lower SBS values than the non-irradiated groups (control) (p<0.05). The mechanically retained brackets (Mystique) had the higher (p<0.05) and Z250 had the lower SBS values after CO2 laser irradiation. The groups bonded with Z250 had the highest ARI. Adhesive fractures were the most prevalent. The null hypothesis was rejected. CO2 laser decreased SBS efficiently and facilitated debonding of mechanically and chemically retained ceramic brackets.
Topics: Ceramics; Humans; Lasers, Gas; Orthodontic Brackets
PubMed: 34614060
DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104077 -
Computer Methods and Programs in... Dec 2020Orthodontic fixed appliance therapy involves alignment of teeth through the bracket and archwires. The archwire twist (torque) imparts significant forces inside the...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Orthodontic fixed appliance therapy involves alignment of teeth through the bracket and archwires. The archwire twist (torque) imparts significant forces inside the bracket slot in refining the teeth position at the end of treatment. The objective of this in- silico study was to evaluate the torque induced bracket slot deformation in the commonly used 0.018 inch (") and 0.022" conventional Stainless Steel (SS) brackets with clinically relevant archwires during various angles of twist.
METHODS
SS maxillary central incisor brackets of 0.018" width × 0.022" depth (0.457 mm × 0.558 mm) and 0.022" width × 0.028" depth (0.558 mm × 0.711 mm) were used. The SS archwires of 0.016" width × 0.022" depth (0.406 mm × 0.558 mm), 0.017" width × 0.025" depth (0.431 mm × 0.635 mm), 0.019" width × 0.025" depth (0.482 mm × 0.635 mm) and 0.021" width × 0.025" depth (0.533 mm × 0.635 mm) were engaged in the respective bracket slots. The assembled bracket-archwire Finite Element (FE) models were constructed. The archwire torque, the top, middle and bottom slot deformations (TSD, MSD, BSD) were obtained for the bracket-archwire combinations for various angles of archwire twist using FE Analysis (FEA).
RESULTS
The torque, TSD, MSD and BSD for 30 twist of 0.016" × 0.022" archwire in 0.018" slot were 28.13 Nmm, 35.71 µm, 21.51 µm and 15.67 µm respectively, and for 0.017" × 0.025" archwire were 50.18 Nmm, 54.52 µm, 32.47 µm and 19.11 µm respectively. Similarly for 0.019" × 0.025" archwire in 0.022" slot and 0.021" × 0.025" archwire in 0.022" slot they were 38.82 Nmm, 50.78 µm, 31.47 µm and 16.82 µm, and 60.22 Nmm, 65.22 µm, 36.44 µm and 22.68 µm respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The slot deformation was present in both 0.018" and 0.022" brackets which increased as the angle of twist increased. The TSD were higher than the MSD and BSD in all the bracket-archwire combinations. We conclude that there is only elastic deformation of bracket slots upto 30 angle of twist and clinicians could maintain within this torque limits to avoid plastic deformation leading to improper teeth position.
Topics: Finite Element Analysis; Materials Testing; Orthodontic Appliance Design; Orthodontic Brackets; Orthodontic Wires; Surface Properties; Torque
PubMed: 32932130
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105748 -
Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics =... Mar 2023As part of orthodontic treatment, air polishing is routinely used for professional tooth cleaning. Thus, we investigated the effects of static powder polishing on...
OBJECTIVES
As part of orthodontic treatment, air polishing is routinely used for professional tooth cleaning. Thus, we investigated the effects of static powder polishing on sliding behaviour and surface quality of three different bracket materials (polymer, ceramic, metal), including a 3D-printed bracket.
METHODS
Two bracket types of each material group were polished with an air-polishing device using sodium bicarbonate. Exposure times were set at 10, 20, and 60 s; the application distance was 5 mm. The force loss due to sliding resistance was tested with an orthodontic measurement and simulation system (OMSS) using a 0.016 inch × 0.022 inch stainless steel archwire. Untreated brackets served as control. Polishing effects and slot precision were evaluated using an optical digital and scanning electron microscope.
RESULTS
Sliding behaviour and slot precision differed significantly between and within the groups. Prior to polishing, polymer brackets showed the least force loss, ceramic brackets the highest. With progressive polishing time, the resistance increased significantly with titanium brackets (26 to 37%) and decreased significantly with steel brackets (36 to 25%). Polymer brackets showed the smallest changes in force loss with respect to polishing duration. Slot precision showed the largest differences between material groups and was primarily manufacturer-dependent with hardly any changes due to the polishing time.
CONCLUSION
Powder polishing can positively or negatively affect the sliding properties of the bracket-archwire complex but is more dependent on the bracket-archwire material combination (i.e., manufacture-dependent slot precision). For titanium brackets, resistance only increased after 60 s of polishing. For ceramic brackets, effective reduction was observed after 10 s of polishing. Polymer brackets, including the 3D-printed brackets, showed better sliding properties than ceramic or metal brackets even after polishing for 60 s. Removal of plaque and dental calculus should lead to a noticeable improvement of the sliding properties and outweighs structural defects that may develop.
Topics: Dental Alloys; Orthodontic Wires; Titanium; Dental Polishing; Powders; Friction; Polymers; Orthodontic Brackets; Materials Testing; Surface Properties; Dental Stress Analysis; Orthodontic Appliance Design
PubMed: 34554279
DOI: 10.1007/s00056-021-00352-9 -
International Orthodontics Sep 2019This study designed to investigate the use of fixed bracket slot sizes, ligation method and prescriptions in the UK using an online survey/questionnaire comprised of...
OBJECTIVE
This study designed to investigate the use of fixed bracket slot sizes, ligation method and prescriptions in the UK using an online survey/questionnaire comprised of seven questions.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The questionnaire link along with an explanation of its nature was circulated via the British Orthodontic Society (BOS) to all 978-email addresses of the Consultant Orthodontists Group (COG) and Orthodontic Specialists Group (OSG) (registered on the UK Specialist List for Orthodontics) members inviting them to participate. Two email reminders were sent to increase the response rate. Chi analyses determined the statistical differences in the use of bracket slots and prescriptions according to the regions and years of experience.
RESULTS
The respondents represented 31.2% of the BOS specialist orthodontic members. Most of the respondents practised in the South of England with experience between 11-30years. The vast majority of the respondents routinely used brackets with the multibracket appliance treatment (MBT) prescription (81.6%) and 0.022-inch slot size (98.7%), which was statistically significantly higher in all geographical regions and experience levels (P<0.001). The majority of the respondents reported either 100% or 90% use of conventional brackets when compared to self-ligating brackets.
CONCLUSION
The vast majority of UK specialist orthodontists use conventional ligating MBT prescription brackets with the 0.022-inch slot size. This was mainly because they perceive that this combination provides better treatment outcomes, whilst many respondents also indicated that they were taught and trained using this combination and that there was not enough evidence to support a change in their clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Materials Testing; Orthodontic Appliance Design; Orthodontic Brackets; Orthodontic Wires; Orthodontics, Corrective; Orthodontists; Societies, Dental; Surveys and Questionnaires; United Kingdom
PubMed: 31272839
DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2019.06.012 -
The Angle Orthodontist Mar 2019To compare bracket survival and adhesive removal time between a flash-free and a conventional adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
A comparative assessment of bracket survival and adhesive removal time using flash-free or conventional adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding: A split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial.
OBJECTIVES
To compare bracket survival and adhesive removal time between a flash-free and a conventional adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty-five consecutive patients had their maxillary incisors, canines, and premolars bonded with ceramic brackets using a flash-free adhesive (APC Flash-Free Adhesive, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) on one side and a conventional adhesive (APCII Adhesive, 3M Unitek) on the other side. The side allocation was randomized. Bracket failure was recorded at 4-week intervals. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was scored on debond and adhesive removal timed to the nearest second. The primary outcome was adhesive removal time per quadrant. Secondary outcomes were bracket failure rate, time to first-time failure of a bracket, and ARI score on debond. Paired t-tests were used to compare adhesive removal times and ARI scores between the adhesives with P < .05 considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Bracket failure rates were 4.3% for the flash-free adhesive and 1.9% for the conventional adhesive, with mean times to first-time failure of 31 weeks for the flash-free adhesive and 42 weeks for the conventional adhesive; neither failure rates nor times to first failure were significantly different. Although the flash-free adhesive left significantly more adhesive on the tooth surface after debonding, the adhesive removal times were 22.2% shorter than with the conventional adhesive.
CONCLUSIONS
Bracket survival with the flash-free adhesive was equivalent to the conventional adhesive when ceramic brackets were bonded. Adhesive removal was significantly faster when using the flash-free adhesive, which may result in time savings of more than 20% compared with the conventional adhesive.
Topics: Bicuspid; Ceramics; Dental Bonding; Dental Cements; Humans; Materials Testing; Orthodontic Brackets; Resin Cements
PubMed: 30230375
DOI: 10.2319/030918-195.1