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Journal of Viral Hepatitis Nov 2022Despite the importance of trust in healthcare settings, there remains a paucity of evidence on the role it plays in patient-provider relationships and healthcare...
Despite the importance of trust in healthcare settings, there remains a paucity of evidence on the role it plays in patient-provider relationships and healthcare outcomes among people living with hepatitis B virus (HBV). International evidence suggests that Chinese immigrants living with HBV experience inequitable access, outcomes and treatment quality in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) health care. This study explores individual trust in healthcare providers and its impact on health-seeking behaviours and health outcomes among Chinese people living with HBV in Australia. A total of 16 participants were recruited from the Chinese community in Sydney and Melbourne and participated in semi-structured interviews. The data were analysed within a conceptual model of trust that contains five dimensions: fidelity, competence, honesty, confidentiality and global trust. The data shows how trust in physicians was formed and influenced by factors including patient-provider interactions, historically relevant experiences, health and illness beliefs and systemic barriers. While the research confirms prior findings on the impact of trust and mistrust, showing an association between low trust and treatment nonadherence, it also generates fresh insights by examining what leads to mistrust and the role of trust in shaping participants' healthcare outcomes. Findings suggest that by treating patients with respect and dignity, improving interpersonal skills and cultural competency, having open discussion on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatment and protecting private information, physicians can increase patients' trust. The findings will contribute to efforts to address HBV as a health priority and increase patients' trust in healthcare providers among Chinese immigrants living with HBV.
Topics: China; Emigrants and Immigrants; Health Personnel; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Trust
PubMed: 35920681
DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13736 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jul 2016Although a successful vaccine against HBV has been implemented in 184 countries, eradication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still not on the horizon. There are over 240... (Review)
Review
Although a successful vaccine against HBV has been implemented in 184 countries, eradication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still not on the horizon. There are over 240 million chronic carriers of HBV globally. The risk of developing chronic hepatitis ranges from >90% in newborns of hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg)-positive mothers, 25%-35% in children under 5 years of age and <5% in adults. HBeAg, a non-particulate viral protein, is a marker of HBV replication. This is the only HBV antigen to cross the placenta, leading to specific unresponsiveness of helper T cells to the capsid protein and HBeAg in newborns. HBeAg is tolerated in utero and acts as a tolerogen after birth. Perinatal transmission is frequent when mothers are HBeAg-positive, whereas it occurs less frequently when mothers are HBeAg-negative. Sequence heterogeneity is a feature of HBV. Based on an intergroup divergence >7.5% across the complete genome, HBV is classified phylogenetically into at least nine genotypes. With between ~4% and 8% intergroup nucleotide divergence, genotypes A-D, F, H and I are classified further into subgenotypes. HBV genotypes/subgenotypes may have distinct geographical distribution and can develop different mutations in the regions of the HBV genome that code for HBeAg. These differences can be related to the role of HBV genotypes to the natural history of infection and mode of transmission. Thus genotypes/subgenotypes of HBV can be responsible for the different natural history of infection and modes of transmission in children, found in various regions of the world, where different genotypes/subgenotypes prevail. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topics: DNA, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B e Antigens; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Phylogeography
PubMed: 27139263
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1885 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Sep 2014Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has killed countless lives in human history. The invention of HBV vaccines in the 20(th) century has reduced significantly the rate of the viral... (Review)
Review
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has killed countless lives in human history. The invention of HBV vaccines in the 20(th) century has reduced significantly the rate of the viral infection. However, currently there is no effective treatment for chronic HBV carriers. Newly emerging vaccine escape mutants and drug resistant strains have complicated the viral eradication program. The entire world is now facing a new threat of HBV and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Could phage display provide solutions to these life-threatening problems? This article reviews critically and comprehensively the innovative and potential applications of phage display in the development of vaccines, therapeutic agents, diagnostic reagents, as well as gene and drug delivery systems to combat HBV. The application of phage display in epitope mapping of HBV antigens is also discussed in detail. Although this review mainly focuses on HBV, the innovative applications of phage display could also be extended to other infectious diseases.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cell Surface Display Techniques; Drug Design; Epitope Mapping; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genotype; Hepatitis B Vaccines; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Mutation; Predictive Value of Tests
PubMed: 25206271
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11650 -
The Medical Journal of Australia Mar 2023
Topics: Humans; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus
PubMed: 36739107
DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51848 -
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology Jan 2021
Topics: Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Humans
PubMed: 33317242
DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0274 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Jan 2022Virus-like particles (VLPs) are known as self-assembled, non-replicative and non-infectious protein particles, which imitate the formation and structure of original wild... (Review)
Review
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are known as self-assembled, non-replicative and non-infectious protein particles, which imitate the formation and structure of original wild type viruses, however, lack the viral genome and/or their fragments. The capacity of VLPs to encompass small molecules like nucleic acids and others has made them as novel vessels of nanocarriers for drug delivery applications. In addition, VLPs surface have the capacity to achieve variation of the surface display via several modification strategies including genetic modification, chemical modification, and non-covalent modification. Among the VLPs nanocarriers, Hepatitis B virus core (HBc) particles have been the most encouraging candidate. HBc particles are hollow nanoparticles in the range of 30-34 nm in diameter and 7 nm thick envelopes, consisting of 180 or 240 copies of identical polypeptide monomer. They also employ a distinctive position among the VLPs carriers due to the high-level synthesis, which serves as a strong protective capsid shell and efficient self-assembly properties. This review highlights on the bioengineering of HBc particles as dynamic nanocarriers for in vivo delivery and specific targeting to solid tumours.
Topics: Artificial Virus-Like Particles; Bioengineering; Drug Delivery Systems; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Virion
PubMed: 34736988
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114030 -
Antiviral Research Feb 2022The binding of HBV polymerase (Pol) and the epsilon stem loop (ε) on the 5' terminal region of pgRNA is required for pgRNA packaging and HBV replication. Previous...
The binding of HBV polymerase (Pol) and the epsilon stem loop (ε) on the 5' terminal region of pgRNA is required for pgRNA packaging and HBV replication. Previous research has demonstrated that RNA binding motif protein 24 (RBM24) is involved in pgRNA packaging by mediating the interaction between HBV polymerase (Pol) and the ε element. Here, we demonstrate that RBM38 interacts with ε, pol, RBM24 and HBV core which mediate pgRNA packaging. RBM38 directly binds to the lower bulge of ε via RNA recognition submotifs (RNPs) and interacts with HBV Pol in an RNA-independent manner. RBM38 interacts with RBM24 and forms heterogeneous oligomers, which mediate Pol-ε binding and the formation of the Pol-RBM38/RBM24-ε complex. More important, RBM38 also binds to the HBV core via the C-terminal region (ARD domain), which facilitates the combination of Pol-ε with the HBV core protein. In conclusion, RBM38 facilitates the Pol-ε interaction and mediates Pol-ε in combining with the HBV core, triggering pgRNA packaging for reverse transcription and DNA synthesis. This study provides new insights into pgRNA encapsidation.
Topics: Hepatitis B virus; Nucleocapsid; RNA; RNA, Viral; RNA-Binding Motifs; RNA-Binding Proteins
PubMed: 35041910
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105249 -
Journal of Virological Methods Apr 2019Understanding the infection and pathogenesis mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is very important for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B. Mathematical models... (Review)
Review
Understanding the infection and pathogenesis mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is very important for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B. Mathematical models contribute to illuminate the dynamic process of HBV replication in vivo. Therefore, in this paper we review the viral dynamics in HBV infection, which may help us further understand the dynamic mechanism of HBV infection and efficacy of antiviral treatment. Firstly, we introduce a family of deterministic models by considering different biological mechanisms, such as, antiviral therapy, CTL immune response, multi-types of infected hepatocytes, time delay and spatial diffusion. Particularly, we briefly describe the stochastic models of HBV infection. Secondly, we introduce the commonly used parameter estimation methods for HBV viral dynamic models and briefly discuss how to use these methods to estimate unknown parameters (such as drug efficacy) through two specific examples. We also discuss the idea and method of model identification and use a specific example to illustrate its application. Finally, we propose three new research programs, namely, considering HBV drug-resistant strain, coupling within-host and between-host dynamics in HBV infection and linking population dynamics with evolutionary dynamics of HBV diversity.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; DNA, Viral; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Virus Replication
PubMed: 30716348
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.014 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jun 2021Hepatitis B virus genotype H (HBV-H) molecular evolution was studied by comparing all published whole-genome sequences. Bayesian coalescent analysis was performed to...
Hepatitis B virus genotype H (HBV-H) molecular evolution was studied by comparing all published whole-genome sequences. Bayesian coalescent analysis was performed to estimate phylogenetic relationships, time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA), and viral population dynamics along the time. Phylogenetic tree demonstrated two main clades or lineages: HBV-H I (with sequences from Central and North America) and HBV-H II (with sequences from North and South America, and Asia). HBV-H II had more genome sequences (n = 26; 83.9%), including one specific subclade with all sequences outside of the Americas. Overall HBV-H tMRCA dated back to 1933 (95% highest posterior density interval [HPD 95%]: 1875-1957) with a very probable origin in Mexico and posterior dissemination to other American and Asian countries. The temporal analysis demonstrated that HBV-H I spread only in Mexico and the neighbor country of Nicaragua probably in the 1960s to the 1970s (1968; HPD 95%: 1908-1981), while HBV-II disseminated to other American and Asian countries around one decade later (1977; HPD 95%: 1925-1985). The phylogeographic analysis reinforced the Mexican origin of this genotype. The whole HBV-H population increased from the 1980s to the 2000s. In conclusion, HBV-H has two main lineages with a common origin in Mexico approximately nine decades ago.
Topics: Americas; Asia; Bayes Theorem; DNA, Viral; Evolution, Molecular; Genotype; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Phylogeny; Phylogeography
PubMed: 32852054
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26463 -
Viruses Mar 2019New technologies enable viral discovery in a diversity of hosts, providing insights into viral evolution. We used one such approach, the virome capture sequencing for...
New technologies enable viral discovery in a diversity of hosts, providing insights into viral evolution. We used one such approach, the virome capture sequencing for vertebrate viruses (VirCapSeq-VERT) platform, on 21 samples originating from six dead Maxwell's duikers () from Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We detected the presence of an orthohepadnavirus in one animal and characterized its 3128 bp genome. The highest viral copy numbers were detected in the spleen, followed by the lung, blood, and liver, with the lowest copy numbers in the kidney and heart; the virus was not detected in the jejunum. Viral copy numbers in the blood were in the range known from humans with active chronic infections leading to liver histolytic damage, suggesting this virus could be pathogenic in duikers, though many orthohepadnaviruses appear to be apathogenic in other hosts, precluding a formal test of this hypothesis. The virus was not detected in 29 other dead duiker samples from the Côte d'Ivoire and Central African Republic, suggesting either a spillover event or a low prevalence in these populations. Phylogenetic analysis placed the virus as a divergent member of the mammalian clade of orthohepadnaviruses, though its relationship to other orthohepadnaviruses remains uncertain. This represents the first orthohepadnavirus described in an artiodactyl. We have tentatively named this new member of the genus (family ), Taï Forest hepadnavirus. Further studies are needed to determine whether it, or some close relatives, are present in a broader range of artiodactyls, including livestock.
Topics: Animals; Antelopes; Cote d'Ivoire; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Orthohepadnavirus; Parks, Recreational; Phylogeny
PubMed: 30893858
DOI: 10.3390/v11030279