-
Virologie (Montrouge, France) Jun 2023As the world is experiencing the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19, one can wonder if members of other family of viruses could possibly emerge. Can such... (Review)
Review
As the world is experiencing the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19, one can wonder if members of other family of viruses could possibly emerge. Can such viruses establish a worldwide distribution with consequences similar to SARS-CoV-2? One such threat is the possible emergence of pathogenic reoviruses, especially by zoonotic transmission. Reoviruses are ubiquitous viruses exhibiting a worldwide distribution and various strains or isolates are found in many mammalian species and other vertebrates. When initially discovered, these viruses were named respiratory enteric orphan viruses (hence the acronym "reo") in order to reflect the fact that they could not be clearly associated with any given disease. However, this is not necessarily the case for all of these viruses, as clearly shown for some of these in animals. Significantly, there have been numerous reports of zoonotic transmission, especially from bats to humans. In this manuscript, pertinent properties of reoviruses will be first briefly presented followed by a review of available evidence for zoonotic transmission of pathogenic reoviruses to humans. Future work that appears to be needed for preparedness to the possible emergence of these viruses will then be briefly discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemics; Viruses; Orthoreovirus; Chiroptera
PubMed: 37476988
DOI: 10.1684/vir.2023.1009 -
Journal of Fish Diseases Nov 2020Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a common and widely distributed virus of salmonids. Since its discovery in 2010, the virus has been detected in wild and farmed stocks... (Review)
Review
Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a common and widely distributed virus of salmonids. Since its discovery in 2010, the virus has been detected in wild and farmed stocks from North America, South America, Europe and East Asia in both fresh and salt water environments. Phylogenetic analysis suggests three distinct genogroups of PRV with generally discrete host tropisms and/or regional patterns. PRV-1 is found mainly in Atlantic (Salmo salar), Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Salmon of Europe and the Americas; PRV-2 has only been detected in Coho Salmon of Japan; and PRV-3 has been reported primarily in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Europe. All three genotypes can establish high-load systemic infections by targeting red blood cells for principal replication. Each genotype has also demonstrated potential to cause circulatory disease. At the same time, high-load PRV infections occur in non-diseased salmon and trout, indicating a complexity for defining PRV's role in disease aetiology. Here, we summarize the current body of knowledge regarding PRV following 10 years of study.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Fish Diseases; Genotype; Orthoreovirus; Phylogeny; Reoviridae Infections; Salmon; Trout
PubMed: 32935367
DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13228 -
Avian Diseases Dec 2022Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, a disease caused by avian reovirus (ARV), leads to great economic losses for the chicken industry worldwide. Since autumn 2011, the... (Review)
Review
Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, a disease caused by avian reovirus (ARV), leads to great economic losses for the chicken industry worldwide. Since autumn 2011, the poultry industries in the United States and Canada have sustained significant economic losses in the progeny of broiler breeders vaccinated with classic strains of ARV. Vaccination failure has been caused by field challenge with variant ARVs. The variant field ARVs are refractory to the immunity stimulated by classic vaccines and have become the prevalent challenge in the field. Because all genotypes described in the literature have been reported to be circulating in Canada, genotyping of circulating ARVs is paramount for the selection of appropriate isolates, representative of the field challenge, for use in autogenous vaccines. In this review, the history of ARVs and the current situation in Canada are discussed. On the basis of recent field data, inadequate measures commonly used in the field are discussed, and successful vaccination strategies are recommended.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Reoviridae Infections; Poultry Diseases; Phylogeny; Arthritis, Infectious; Orthoreovirus, Avian; Canada; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 36715479
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-99997 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2023Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) serve as potential triggers of celiac disease and have oncolytic properties, making these viruses potential cancer therapeutics....
Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) serve as potential triggers of celiac disease and have oncolytic properties, making these viruses potential cancer therapeutics. Primary attachment of reovirus to host cells is mainly mediated by the trimeric viral protein, σ1, which engages cell-surface glycans, followed by high-affinity binding to junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A). This multistep process is thought to be accompanied by major conformational changes in σ1, but direct evidence is lacking. By combining biophysical, molecular, and simulation approaches, we define how viral capsid protein mechanics influence virus-binding capacity and infectivity. Single-virus force spectroscopy experiments corroborated by in silico simulations show that GM2 increases the affinity of σ1 for JAM-A by providing a more stable contact interface. We demonstrate that conformational changes in σ1 that lead to an extended rigid conformation also significantly increase avidity for JAM-A. Although its associated lower flexibility impairs multivalent cell attachment, our findings suggest that diminished σ1 flexibility enhances infectivity, indicating that fine-tuning of σ1 conformational changes is required to successfully initiate infection. Understanding properties underlying the nanomechanics of viral attachment proteins offers perspectives in the development of antiviral drugs and improved oncolytic vectors.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Reoviridae; Orthoreovirus; Viral Proteins; Virus Attachment; Antibodies, Viral; Mammals
PubMed: 37186838
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220741120 -
Virologie (Montrouge, France) Jun 2023As the world is experiencing the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19, one can wonder if members of other family of viruses could possibly emerge. Can such... (Review)
Review
As the world is experiencing the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19, one can wonder if members of other family of viruses could possibly emerge. Can such viruses establish a worldwide distribution with consequences similar to SARS-CoV-2? One such threat is the possible emergence of pathogenic reoviruses, especially by zoonotic transmission. Reoviruses are ubiquitous viruses exhibiting a worldwide distribution and various strains or isolates are found in many mammalian species and other vertebrates. When initially discovered, these viruses were named respiratory enteric orphan viruses (hence the acronym "reo") in order to reflect the fact that they could not be clearly associated with any given disease. However, this is not necessarily the case for all of these viruses, as clearly shown for some of these in animals. Significantly, there have been numerous reports of zoonotic transmission, especially from bats to humans. In this manuscript, pertinent properties of reoviruses will be first briefly presented followed by a review of available evidence for zoonotic transmission of pathogenic reoviruses to humans. Future work that appears to be needed for preparedness to the possible emergence of these viruses will then be briefly discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemics; Viruses; Orthoreovirus; Chiroptera
PubMed: 37462935
DOI: 10.1684/vir.2023.1008 -
Journal of Fish Diseases Sep 2020Piscine orthoreovirus infects various salmonid fish species, and the infection is associated with diseases such as heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in...
Piscine orthoreovirus infects various salmonid fish species, and the infection is associated with diseases such as heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). There are no vaccines available or genetically selected resistant hosts that can efficiently control piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infection. Currently, the only prophylactic measure against PRV is general biosecurity measures aiming to break the transmission cycle. Methods to eradicate infectious virus from contaminated facilities are desirable, but the knowledge on how to inactivate PRV is lacking. A major bottleneck for inactivation studies is the lack of ability to propagate PRV in cell culture. Therefore, in this study we developed an in vivo model for detection of infectious PRV particles after treatment of the virus with inactivation tools such as heat, pH, iodine, UV and commercially available disinfectants. The results show that standard iodine treatment is efficient in inactivation of the virus, and similarly are high and low pH extremes and treatment with Virocid, a commercially available disinfectant. A UV dose of at least 50 mJ/cm is required for inactivation, and the virus has high resistance against heat treatment.
Topics: Animals; Disinfectants; Fish Diseases; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Orthoreovirus; Reoviridae Infections; Salmo salar; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 32632958
DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13214 -
Advances in Virus Research 2018Viruses are constantly engaged in a molecular arms race with the host, where efficient and tactical use of cellular receptors benefits critical steps in infection.... (Review)
Review
Viruses are constantly engaged in a molecular arms race with the host, where efficient and tactical use of cellular receptors benefits critical steps in infection. Receptor use dictates initiation, establishment, and spread of viral infection to new tissues and hosts. Mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) are pervasive pathogens that use multiple receptors to overcome protective host barriers to disseminate from sites of initial infection and cause disease in young mammals. In particular, reovirus invades the central nervous system (CNS) with serotype-dependent tropism and disease. A single viral gene, encoding the attachment protein σ1, segregates with distinct patterns of CNS injury. Despite the identification and characterization of several reovirus receptors, host factors that dictate tropism via interaction with σ1 remain undefined. Here, we summarize the state of the reovirus receptor field and discuss open questions toward understanding how the reovirus attachment protein dictates CNS tropism.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Receptors, Virus; Reoviridae Infections; Viral Tropism; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 29551138
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2017.10.005 -
Nature Communications May 2023Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) infects most mammals and is associated with celiac disease in humans. In mice, reovirus infects the intestine and disseminates...
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) infects most mammals and is associated with celiac disease in humans. In mice, reovirus infects the intestine and disseminates systemically to cause serotype-specific patterns of disease in the brain. To identify receptors conferring reovirus serotype-dependent neuropathogenesis, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPRa screen and identified paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) as a receptor candidate. Ectopic expression of PirB allowed reovirus binding and infection. PirB extracelluar D3D4 region is required for reovirus attachment and infectivity. Reovirus binds to PirB with nM affinity as determined by single molecule force spectroscopy. Efficient reovirus endocytosis requires PirB signaling motifs. In inoculated mice, PirB is required for maximal replication in the brain and full neuropathogenicity of neurotropic serotype 3 (T3) reovirus. In primary cortical neurons, PirB expression contributes to T3 reovirus infectivity. Thus, PirB is an entry receptor for reovirus and contributes to T3 reovirus replication and pathogenesis in the murine brain.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Antibodies, Viral; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Receptors, Immunologic; Reoviridae Infections; Receptors, Virus
PubMed: 37147336
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38327-6 -
Trends in Microbiology Dec 2014Reovirus fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are the only known nonenveloped virus fusogens and are dedicated to inducing cell-to-cell, not virus-cell,... (Review)
Review
Reovirus fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are the only known nonenveloped virus fusogens and are dedicated to inducing cell-to-cell, not virus-cell, membrane fusion. Numerous structural and functional attributes distinguish this novel family of viral fusogens from all enveloped virus membrane fusion proteins. Both families of viral fusogens play key roles in virus dissemination and pathogenicity, but employ different mechanisms to mediate membrane apposition and merger. However, convergence of these distinct families of viral membrane fusion proteins on common pathways needed for pore expansion and syncytium formation suggests syncytiogenesis represents a cellular response to the presence of cell-cell fusion pores. Together, FAST proteins and enveloped virus fusion proteins provide exceptional insights into the ubiquitous process of cell-cell membrane fusion and syncytium formation.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Giant Cells; Membrane Fusion; Molecular Sequence Data; Orthoreovirus; Phylogeny; Reoviridae; Sequence Alignment; Viral Fusion Proteins; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 25245455
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.08.005 -
Viruses Jan 2021Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus), a dsRNA virus with a multilayered capsid, serves as a model system for studying the entry of similar viruses. The outermost layer of... (Review)
Review
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus), a dsRNA virus with a multilayered capsid, serves as a model system for studying the entry of similar viruses. The outermost layer of this capsid undergoes processing to generate a metastable intermediate. The metastable particle undergoes further remodeling to generate an entry-capable form that delivers the genome-containing inner capsid, or core, into the cytoplasm. In this review, we highlight capsid proteins and the intricacies of their interactions that control the stability of the capsid and consequently impact capsid structural changes that are prerequisites for entry. We also discuss a novel proviral role of host membranes in promoting capsid conformational transitions. Current knowledge gaps in the field that are ripe for future investigation are also outlined.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Cell Line; Mice; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Protein Domains; Proteolysis; Reoviridae Infections; Virion; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 33494426
DOI: 10.3390/v13020153