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The Medical Clinics of North America Mar 2020Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide endemic and debilitating disease. Previously thought to simply be damaged from "wear and tear," OA is now understood to be a complex... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide endemic and debilitating disease. Previously thought to simply be damaged from "wear and tear," OA is now understood to be a complex interaction of local and systemic factors. This article reviews the pathology, symptoms, diagnosis, and various conservative, surgical, and novel treatments of OA.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis; Patient Care Management
PubMed: 32035570
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2019.10.007 -
Lancet (London, England) Jul 2015Osteoarthritis is a major source of pain, disability, and socioeconomic cost worldwide. The epidemiology of the disorder is complex and multifactorial, with genetic,... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis is a major source of pain, disability, and socioeconomic cost worldwide. The epidemiology of the disorder is complex and multifactorial, with genetic, biological, and biomechanical components. Aetiological factors are also joint specific. Joint replacement is an effective treatment for symptomatic end-stage disease, although functional outcomes can be poor and the lifespan of prostheses is limited. Consequently, the focus is shifting to disease prevention and the treatment of early osteoarthritis. This task is challenging since conventional imaging techniques can detect only quite advanced disease and the relation between pain and structural degeneration is not close. Nevertheless, advances in both imaging and biochemical markers offer potential for diagnosis and as outcome measures for new treatments. Joint-preserving interventions under development include lifestyle modification and pharmaceutical and surgical modalities. Some show potential, but at present few have proven ability to arrest or delay disease progression.
Topics: Biomarkers; Disease Progression; Early Diagnosis; Humans; Life Style; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 25748615
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60802-3 -
Nature Reviews. Disease Primers Oct 2016Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, is associated with an increasing socioeconomic impact owing to the ageing population and mainly affects the... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, is associated with an increasing socioeconomic impact owing to the ageing population and mainly affects the diarthrodial joints. Primary OA results from a combination of risk factors, with increasing age and obesity being the most prominent. The concept of the pathophysiology is still evolving, from being viewed as cartilage-limited to a multifactorial disease that affects the whole joint. An intricate relationship between local and systemic factors modulates its clinical and structural presentations, leading to a common final pathway of joint destruction. Pharmacological treatments are mostly related to relief of symptoms and there is no disease-modifying OA drug (that is, treatment that will reduce symptoms in addition to slowing or stopping the disease progression) yet approved by the regulatory agencies. Identifying phenotypes of patients will enable the detection of the disease in its early stages as well as distinguish individuals who are at higher risk of progression, which in turn could be used to guide clinical decision making and allow more effective and specific therapeutic interventions to be designed. This Primer is an update on the progress made in the field of OA epidemiology, quality of life, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnosis, screening, prevention and disease management.
Topics: Disease Progression; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27734845
DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.72 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021Osteoarthritis is a common cause of disability worldwide. Although commonly referred to as a disease of the joint cartilage, osteoarthritis affects all joint tissues... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis is a common cause of disability worldwide. Although commonly referred to as a disease of the joint cartilage, osteoarthritis affects all joint tissues equally. The pathogenesis of this degenerative process is not completely understood; however, a low-grade inflammation leading to an imbalance between anabolic and katabolic processes is a well-established factor. The complex network of cytokines regulating these processes and cell communication has a central role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Concentrations of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were found to be altered depending on the osteoarthritis stage and activity. In this review, we analyzed individual cytokines involved in the immune processes with an emphasis on their function in osteoarthritis.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chemokines; Cytokines; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 34502117
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179208 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa 2015Osteoarthritis is nowadays one of the most frequent chronic diseases and, with the increase in life expectancy, both its prevalence and incidence is expected to rise.... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis is nowadays one of the most frequent chronic diseases and, with the increase in life expectancy, both its prevalence and incidence is expected to rise. This condition is progressive and leads to functional decline and loss in quality of life, with important health care and society costs. A review of relevant and recent literature on osteoarthritis was performed in PubMed. The purpose of this study is to understand important aspects about osteoarthritis estimates, burden of disease, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Cost of Illness; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25817486
DOI: 10.20344/amp.5477 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Feb 2022This year in review on osteoarthritis biology summarizes a series of research articles published between the 2020 and 2021 Osteoarthritis Research Society International... (Review)
Review
This year in review on osteoarthritis biology summarizes a series of research articles published between the 2020 and 2021 Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) World Congress. Research hightlights were selected and discussed based on the new discoveries of OA's cellular molecular mechanism, anatomical signatures, potential therapeutic targets, and regenerative therapy. The recently developed potential therapeutic targets are summarized, and the research focuses on TGFβ and WNT signaling in joint tissue homeostasis, joint aging and the dynamic of synolytics in OA joint, and the roles of TRP2, LDHA, OSCAR in cartilage homeostasis and OA joints are highlighted. Subsquencially, new anatomical structures and OA features are introduced, such as synovitis-induced venous portal circulation, horiozontal fissures between cartilage and subchondral bone, the cellular derivation of osteophytes formation, OA subtypes, and subchondral remodeling and pain biology. Then, research on the possibility of tissue regeneration in OA joints are discussed; skeletal stem cells in OA cartilage regeneration, and preclinical results of regenerative therapy for meniscus tear and osteochondral tissue morphoghesis are included. At last, the clinical evidence of the importance of delivery site of bone marrow stem cells for OA treatment is discussed. These findings represent advances in our understanding of OA pathophysiology.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 34801671
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.11.009 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2019The increase in global lifespan has in turn increased the prevalence of osteoarthritis which is now the most common type of arthritis. Cartilage tissue located on... (Review)
Review
The increase in global lifespan has in turn increased the prevalence of osteoarthritis which is now the most common type of arthritis. Cartilage tissue located on articular joints erodes during osteoarthritis which causes pain and may lead to a crippling loss of function in patients. The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis has been understudied and currently no disease modifying treatments exist. The only current end-point treatment remains joint replacement surgery. The primary risk factor for osteoarthritis is age. Clinical and basic research is now focused on understanding the ageing process of cartilage and its role in osteoarthritis. This chapter will outline the physiology of cartilage tissue, the clinical presentation and treatment options for the disease and the cellular ageing processes which are involved in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Topics: Aging; Cartilage, Articular; Cellular Senescence; Humans; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 30888652
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_6 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Jan 2022Hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) are leading causes of global disability. Most research to date has focused on the knee, with results often extrapolated to the hip, and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) are leading causes of global disability. Most research to date has focused on the knee, with results often extrapolated to the hip, and this extends to treatment recommendations in clinical guidelines. Extrapolating results from research on knee OA may limit our understanding of disease characteristics specific to hip OA, thereby constraining development and implementation of effective treatments. This review highlights differences between hip and knee OA with respect to prevalence, prognosis, epigenetics, pathophysiology, anatomical and biomechanical factors, clinical presentation, pain and non-surgical treatment recommendations and management.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis, Hip; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Prognosis
PubMed: 34600121
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.09.010 -
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Apr 2023Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent disease particularly in subjects over 65 years of age worldwide. While in the past it was considered a mere consequence of... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent disease particularly in subjects over 65 years of age worldwide. While in the past it was considered a mere consequence of cartilage degradation leading to anatomical and functional joint impairment, in recent decades, there has been a more dynamic view with the synovium, the cartilage, and the subchondral bone producing inflammatory mediators which ultimately lead to cartilage damage. Inflammaging is defined as a chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation state driven by endogenous signals in the absence of infections, occurring with aging. This chronic status is linked to the production of reactive oxygen species and molecules involved in the development of age-related disease such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammaging contributes to osteoarthritis development where both the innate and the adaptive immune response are involved. Elevated systemic and local inflammatory cytokines and senescent molecules promote cartilage degradation, and antigens derived from damaged joints further trigger inflammation through inflammasome activation. B and T lymphocyte populations also change with inflammaging and OA, with reduced regulatory functions, thus implicating self-reactivity as an additional mechanism of joint damage. The discovery of the underlying pathogenic pathways may help to identify potential therapeutic targets for the management or the prevention of osteoarthritis. We will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current literature on the role of inflammaging in osteoarthritis and discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Humans; Osteoarthritis; Inflammation; Inflammasomes; Cytokines; Inflammation Mediators
PubMed: 35716253
DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08941-1 -
Calcified Tissue International Dec 2014Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, increases in prevalence with age, and affects majority of individuals over the age of 65 and is a leading... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, increases in prevalence with age, and affects majority of individuals over the age of 65 and is a leading musculoskeletal cause of impaired mobility in the elderly. Because the precise molecular mechanisms which are involved in the degradation of cartilage matrix and development of OA are poorly understood and there are currently no effective interventions to decelerate the progression of OA or retard the irreversible degradation of cartilage except for total joint replacement surgery. In this paper, the important molecular mechanisms related to OA pathogenesis will be summarized and new insights into potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of OA will be provided.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Humans; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 25311420
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9917-9