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International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2020The bone microenvironment is an ideal fertile soil for both primary and secondary tumors to seed. The occurrence and development of osteosarcoma, as a primary bone... (Review)
Review
The bone microenvironment is an ideal fertile soil for both primary and secondary tumors to seed. The occurrence and development of osteosarcoma, as a primary bone tumor, is closely related to the bone microenvironment. Especially, the metastasis of osteosarcoma is the remaining challenge of therapy and poor prognosis. Increasing evidence focuses on the relationship between the bone microenvironment and osteosarcoma metastasis. Many elements exist in the bone microenvironment, such as acids, hypoxia, and chemokines, which have been verified to affect the progression and malignance of osteosarcoma through various signaling pathways. We thoroughly summarized all these regulators in the bone microenvironment and the transmission cascades, accordingly, attempting to furnish hints for inhibiting osteosarcoma metastasis via the amelioration of the bone microenvironment. In addition, analysis of the cross-talk between the bone microenvironment and osteosarcoma will help us to deeply understand the development of osteosarcoma. The cellular and molecular protagonists presented in the bone microenvironment promoting osteosarcoma metastasis will accelerate the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies towards osteosarcoma.
Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Osteosarcoma; Signal Transduction; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 32977425
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21196985 -
Cancer Letters Mar 2021Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of the bone and has a high propensity for local invasion and metastasis. Although combining surgery with... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of the bone and has a high propensity for local invasion and metastasis. Although combining surgery with chemotherapy has immensely improved the outcomes of osteosarcoma patients, the prognosis of metastatic or recurrent osteosarcomas is still unsatisfactory. Immunotherapy has proven to be a promising therapeutic strategy against human malignancies and improved understanding of the immune response to OS, and biomarker development has increased the number of patients who benefit from immunotherapies in recent years. Here, we review recent advances in immunotherapy in osteosarcoma and discuss the mechanisms and status of immunotherapies in both preclinical and clinical trials as well as future therapies on the horizon. These advances may pave the way for novel treatments requisite for patients with osteosarcoma in need of new therapies.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Osteosarcoma; Prognosis; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 33359211
DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.024 -
American Family Physician Aug 2018Primary bone cancers include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. They account for less than 1% of diagnosed cancers each year and are associated with... (Review)
Review
Primary bone cancers include osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. They account for less than 1% of diagnosed cancers each year and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Timely diagnosis is challenging because of late patient presentation, nonspecific symptoms that mimic common musculoskeletal injuries, and low suspicion by physicians. Plain radiography is the preferred diagnostic test. Radiographic suspicion of a bone malignancy should prompt quick referral to a cancer center for multidisciplinary care. Osteosarcoma, the most common bone cancer, most often occurs in children and adolescents. It typically develops in the metaphysis of long bones, specifically the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. Metastasis to the lungs is common. Use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, in combination with surgery, has improved survival rates to nearly 80% for patients with localized disease, and 90% to 95% of patients do not require limb amputation. Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer and is similar to osteosarcoma in terms of presenting symptoms, age at occurrence, and treatment. Prognosis for osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma depends on the presence of metastasis, which lowers the five-year survival rate to 20% to 30%. Chondrosarcoma is the rarest bone cancer, primarily affecting adults older than 40 years. Survival rates are higher because most of these tumors are low-grade lesions.
Topics: Age Factors; Bone Neoplasms; Chondrosarcoma; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Osteosarcoma; Patient Care Management; Patient Selection; Prognosis; Sarcoma, Ewing
PubMed: 30215968
DOI: No ID Found -
JAAPA : Official Journal of the... Aug 2018This article reviews the cause, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management of osteosarcoma, the most common primary bone tumor and third most common... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the cause, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management of osteosarcoma, the most common primary bone tumor and third most common cancer among children and adolescents. In the 1970s, the introduction of adjuvant chemotherapy following tumor resection improved overall 10-year survival from 30% to about 50% of patients. However, since that change in management strategy, the survival rate has since plateaued, with no improvement in overall 10-year survival since the 1990s. A better understanding of this disease is the first step to help improve these numbers.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Humans; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Osteosarcoma
PubMed: 29979330
DOI: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000541477.24116.8d -
Cells Apr 2020Osteosarcomas are the most frequent primary bone sarcomas, affecting mainly children, adolescents, and young adults, and with a second peak of incidence in elderly... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcomas are the most frequent primary bone sarcomas, affecting mainly children, adolescents, and young adults, and with a second peak of incidence in elderly individuals. The current therapeutic management, a combined regimen of poly-chemotherapy and surgery, still remains largely insufficient, as patient survival has not improved in recent decades. Osteosarcomas are very heterogeneous tumors, both at the intra- and inter-tumor level, with no identified driver mutation. Consequently, efforts to improve treatments using targeted therapies have faced this lack of specific osteosarcoma targets. Nevertheless, these tumors are inextricably linked to their local microenvironment, composed of bone, stromal, vascular and immune cells and the osteosarcoma microenvironment is now considered to be essential and supportive for growth and dissemination. This review describes the different actors of the osteosarcoma microenvironment and gives an overview of the past, current, and future strategies of therapy targeting this complex ecosystem, with a focus on the role of extracellular vesicles and on the emergence of multi-kinase inhibitors.
Topics: Animals; Bone Remodeling; Humans; Immune System; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Osteosarcoma; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 32326444
DOI: 10.3390/cells9040976 -
Surgical Pathology Clinics Dec 2021Diagnosis of osteosarcoma can be challenging because of its diverse histological patterns and the lack of diagnostic biomarkers for most examples. This review summarizes... (Review)
Review
Diagnosis of osteosarcoma can be challenging because of its diverse histological patterns and the lack of diagnostic biomarkers for most examples. This review summarizes the key pathologic findings of osteosarcoma subtypes (high-grade central, parosteal, low-grade central, periosteal, high-grade surface, and secondary) with an emphasis on describing and illustrating histological heterogeneity to help general pathologists. Differential diagnoses are listed for each entity, and histological subtype and distinguishing features, including molecular genetic findings (eg, MDM2, IDH, H3F3A, FOS, and USP6), are discussed. The review also covers recently established and emerging concepts and controversies regarding osteosarcoma.
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Osteosarcoma
PubMed: 34742481
DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2021.06.003 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Jan 2022Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary tumours of the bone, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20% after the development of metastases. Osteosarcoma is... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary tumours of the bone, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20% after the development of metastases. Osteosarcoma is highly predisposed in Paget's disease of the bone, and both have common characteristic skeletal features due to rapid bone remodelling. Osteosarcoma prognosis is location dependent, which further emphasizes the likely contribution of the bone microenvironment in its pathogenesis. Mechanobiology describes the processes involved when mechanical cues from the changing physical microenvironment of the bone are transduced to biological pathways through mechanosensitive cellular components. Mechanobiology-driven therapies have been used to curb tumour progression by direct alteration of the physical microenvironment or inhibition of metastasis-associated mechanosensitive proteins. This review emphasizes the contribution of mechanobiology to the progression of osteosarcoma and sheds light on current mechanobiology-based therapies and potential new targets for improving disease management. Additionally, the many different 3D models currently used to study osteosarcoma mechanobiology are summarized.
Topics: Biophysics; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Osteitis Deformans; Osteosarcoma; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34679192
DOI: 10.1111/bph.15713 -
Veterinary and Comparative Oncology Sep 2014Osteosarcoma in dogs is a heterogeneous disease entity with regard to its histologic, clinical and biologic behaviour. Differences in behaviour are associated with... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma in dogs is a heterogeneous disease entity with regard to its histologic, clinical and biologic behaviour. Differences in behaviour are associated with tumour location. Oral and maxillofacial osteosarcomas are typically reported as a component of the broader classifications of axial osteosarcoma or osteosarcoma of flat bones to differentiate them from appendicular osteosarcoma. Similar to human oral and maxillofacial osteosarcoma, in dogs, these also appear to have less aggressive behaviour than appendicular osteosarcoma. Ideally, local control is achieved with wide surgical resection that results in tumour-free margins. Failure of local control is the most common contributor to poor prognosis. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment are reported to have variable outcomes. The aim of this article is to review the literature on oral and maxillofacial osteosarcoma in dogs in comparison to appendicular and axial osteosarcoma. Similarities and differences between oral and maxillofacial osteosarcoma in humans are addressed.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Facial Bones; Humans; Maxillary Neoplasms; Mouth Neoplasms; Osteosarcoma; Prognosis; Skull Neoplasms
PubMed: 22935032
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00352.x -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2021
Review
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bone Neoplasms; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Osteosarcoma; Precision Medicine; Prognosis; Survival Rate
PubMed: 34818481
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra2103423 -
Nature Reviews. Cancer Nov 2014For the past 30 years, improvements in the survival of patients with osteosarcoma have been mostly incremental. Despite evidence of genomic instability and a high... (Review)
Review
For the past 30 years, improvements in the survival of patients with osteosarcoma have been mostly incremental. Despite evidence of genomic instability and a high frequency of chromothripsis and kataegis, osteosarcomas carry few recurrent targetable mutations, and trials of targeted agents have been generally disappointing. Bone has a highly specialized immune environment and many immune signalling pathways are important in bone homeostasis. The success of the innate immune stimulant mifamurtide in the adjuvant treatment of non-metastatic osteosarcoma suggests that newer immune-based treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, may substantially improve disease outcome.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Bone Development; Humans; Osteosarcoma; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 25319867
DOI: 10.1038/nrc3838