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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2019Estrogen and ovarian function decline are relevant characteristics of menopause period. Numerous physiological, metabolic and immunological alterations in the female...
Estrogen and ovarian function decline are relevant characteristics of menopause period. Numerous physiological, metabolic and immunological alterations in the female body occur in the menopause period and some of these changes remain uncertain. The animal model that mimics menopause phase is an important approach to better comprehend the biological process involved in this period of women life. Ovariectomy is a procedure where ovaries are surgically excised and have been a valuable tool for understanding estrogen deficiency through animal experiments. Despite the diversity of ovariectomy protocols, the aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive guideline in performing ovariectomy in mice. Furthermore, isoflurane anesthesia system, postoperative care and surgery success evaluation will be described. We highlight that all procedures must be carried out by a qualified and trained professional, respecting ethical and safety principles.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Menopause; Mice; Ovariectomy; Ovary
PubMed: 30535707
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8994-2_29 -
International Journal of Biological... 2019Autophagy is a mechanism that exists in all eukaryotes under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. In the mammalian ovaries, less than 1% of follicles... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is a mechanism that exists in all eukaryotes under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. In the mammalian ovaries, less than 1% of follicles ovulate, whereas the remaining 99% undergo follicular atresia. Autophagy and apoptosis have been previously found to be involved in the regulation of both primordial follicular development as well as atresia. The relationship between autophagy, follicular development, and atresia have been summarized in this review with the aim to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the role played by autophagy in follicular development and atresia.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Female; Granulosa Cells; Humans; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary
PubMed: 30906205
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.30369 -
Fertility and Sterility Dec 2020Ovarian reserve is defined as the number of oocytes remaining in the ovary, or oocyte quantity (oocyte number). Markers of ovarian reserve include hormone levels and... (Review)
Review
Ovarian reserve is defined as the number of oocytes remaining in the ovary, or oocyte quantity (oocyte number). Markers of ovarian reserve include hormone levels and sonographically measured features of the ovaries. These markers can be useful as predictors of oocyte yield following controlled ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval. However, they are poor predictors of reproductive potential independently from age. This document replaces the document of the same name last published in 2012 (Fertil Steril 2012;98:1407-15).
Topics: Advisory Committees; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Oocyte Retrieval; Ovarian Reserve; Ovary; Reproduction
PubMed: 33280722
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.09.134 -
The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry Mar 2022Ovarian aging affects the reproductive health of elderly women due to decline in oocyte quality, which is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Nicotinamide...
Ovarian aging affects the reproductive health of elderly women due to decline in oocyte quality, which is closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), as a precursor of NAD, effectively regulate mitochondria metabolism in mice. However, roles of NMN in improving age-related diminished ovary reserve remain to be determined. In present study, 4, 8, 12, 24, 40-week old female ICR mice were collected and a 20-week-long administration of NMN was conducted to 40-week-old mice (60WN), meanwhile the control group is given water (60WC). First, we found that 20-week-long administration of NMN to 40-week-old mice exhibited anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects on organ structures, along with the improvement of estrus cycle condition and endocrine function. The number of primordial, primary, secondary, antral follicles and corpora luteum of ovaries in 60WN group was significantly increased compared with those in 60WC group. Additionally, the protein and gene expressions of P16 of ovaries were significantly reduced in 60WN group than in 60WC group. the mitochondria biogenesis, autophagy level, and proteases activity enhanced in granulosa cells after 20-week-administration of NMN. Present results indicate that NMN has the potential to save diminished ovary reserve by long-term treatment, providing a basis for exploring the role of NMN in anti-ovarian aging by enhancing the mitophagy level of granulosa cells.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Autophagy; Cathepsin D; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; Endopeptidase Clp; Estrous Cycle; Female; Granulosa Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mitophagy; Nicotinamide Mononucleotide; Organelle Biogenesis; Ovarian Follicle; Ovarian Reserve; Ovary
PubMed: 34801690
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108911 -
Zygote (Cambridge, England) Aug 2017Recently, the existence of a mechanism for neo-oogenesis in the ovaries of adult mammals has generated much controversy within reproductive biology. This mechanism,... (Review)
Review
Recently, the existence of a mechanism for neo-oogenesis in the ovaries of adult mammals has generated much controversy within reproductive biology. This mechanism, which proposes that the ovary has cells capable of renewing the follicular reserve, has been described for various species of mammals. The first evidence was found in prosimians and humans. However, these findings were not considered relevant because the predominant dogma for reproductive biology at the time was that of Zuckerman. This dogma states that female mammals are born with finite numbers of oocytes that decline throughout postnatal life. Currently, the concept of neo-oogenesis has gained momentum due to the discovery of cells with mitotic activity in adult ovaries of various mammalian species (mice, humans, rhesus monkeys, domestic animals such as pigs, and wild animals such as bats). Despite these reports, the concept of neo-oogenesis has not been widely accepted by the scientific community, generating much criticism and speculation about its accuracy because it has been impossible to reproduce some evidence. This controversy has led to the creation of two positions: one in favour of neo-oogenesis and the other against it. Various animal models have been used in support of both camps, including both classic laboratory animals and domestic and wild animals. The aim of this review is to critically present the current literature on the subject and to evaluate the arguments pro and contra neo-oogenesis in mammals.
Topics: Animals; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Male; Mammals; Oocytes; Oogenesis; Ovary
PubMed: 28780921
DOI: 10.1017/S0967199417000363 -
Nature Aging Jun 2023
Topics: Female; Humans; Ovary; Ovarian Follicle
PubMed: 37231198
DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00435-9 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Nov 2016The morphological features of the ovaries in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been well described by ultrasound imaging technology. These include... (Review)
Review
The morphological features of the ovaries in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been well described by ultrasound imaging technology. These include enlarged ovary size, multiple small follicles of similar size, increased ovarian stromal volume and echogenicity, peripheral distribution of the follicles, and higher stromal blood flow. Ultrasound identification of the presence of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) has been recognized as a component of PCOS diagnosis. With the advance of ultrasound technology, new definition has been proposed recently. There is, however, a paucity of data for the ovarian morphology in normal and PCOS adolescents. Magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to be an alternative imaging modality for diagnosing PCOM in adolescence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Organ Size; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Regional Blood Flow; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27118252
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.02.005 -
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology Jun 2020Detailed descriptions of ovarian histology are rare. We reviewed in detail 57 cases of normal ovaries in premenopausal patients, when the ovaries are active and... (Review)
Review
Detailed descriptions of ovarian histology are rare. We reviewed in detail 57 cases of normal ovaries in premenopausal patients, when the ovaries are active and primordial follicles are found. We also proposed updated definitions to more clearly distinguish inclusion cysts, which do not have a known relationship with any disease process, from endosalpingiosis, a lesion closely associated with low grade serous neoplasia of the ovary. The most interesting findings were the significant variation in the histologic features including the variation in the amount and the distribution of primordial follicles, follicular cysts, and endosalpingiosis, within the ovary and between both ovaries in the same patient, the frequent presence of primordial follicles in the medulla, specifically in cases of multiple follicular cysts, and the frequent presence of endosalpingiosis. We believe that to confirm a pathologic process in the ovary, we need to become familiar with the histologic features of the normal ovary and their variations.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Ovary; Premenopause; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32172215
DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151475 -
Reproduction & Fertility Apr 2022Characterization of the ovarian preantral follicle population is a necessary step to improve understanding of folliculogenesis and ovarian physiology. Therefore, in the...
UNLABELLED
Characterization of the ovarian preantral follicle population is a necessary step to improve understanding of folliculogenesis and ovarian physiology. Therefore, in the present study, the preantral follicle population in the equine ovary in young and old mares was investigated according to follicular morphology, follicular class, distance from the geometric center using ovarian maps, and follicular density within ovarian portions (lateral vs intermediary) and regions (dorsal vs ventral). Ovaries were collected from an abattoir and histologically processed for evaluation, and the follicle population was calculated. Overall, in the current detailed study, a higher preantral follicle population per mare ovary (mean: 82,206 ± 50,022; range: 1477 to 773,091) than originally reported was identified. Additionally, a mare age effect was observed in the follicle population (young: 152,664 vs old: 11,750) and the spatial distribution of morphologically normal and abnormal follicles and the density and population of follicular classes. These results demonstrate that, in addition to the preantral follicle population in the mare ovary being comparable to that of other species, the location and spatial distribution of these follicles is dynamic and varies depending on mare age and follicle status (i.e. morphology and developmental stage). The characterization of the distribution and population of preantral follicles in the mare ovary provided by this study can potentially aid in improving reproductive studies and assisted reproductive techniques and may expand the understanding of mechanisms involving ovarian plasticity and follicular migration.
LAY SUMMARY
Knowledge of the distribution and population of immature eggs within follicles (preantral follicles) in the ovaries of mares can improve approaches to assisted reproductive techniques and fertility preservation. As the existing research on horse preantral follicle population was focused solely on large follicles, the present study provides an updated investigation of small and large preantral follicles in the mare, showing that the population is similar to those in other species. This study also shows that the way these follicles are distributed in the ovary varies depending on age and follicle characteristics. Results from this study may help to highlight which areas of the mare ovary should be looked at to find samples of good-quality follicles.
Topics: Animals; Female; Horses; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Pelvis; Reproduction
PubMed: 35706578
DOI: 10.1530/RAF-21-0100 -
ELife Sep 2022Morphogenetic events during the development of the fetal ovary are crucial to the establishment of female fertility. However, the effects of structural rearrangements of...
Morphogenetic events during the development of the fetal ovary are crucial to the establishment of female fertility. However, the effects of structural rearrangements of the ovary and surrounding reproductive tissues on ovary morphogenesis remain largely uncharacterized. Using tissue clearing and lightsheet microscopy, we found that ovary folding correlated with regionalization into cortex and medulla. Relocation of the oviduct to the ventral aspect of the ovary led to ovary encapsulation, and mutual attachment of the ovary and oviduct to the cranial suspensory ligament likely triggered ovary folding. During this process, the rete ovarii (RO) elaborated into a convoluted tubular structure extending from the ovary into the ovarian capsule. Using genetic mouse models in which the oviduct and RO are perturbed, we found the oviduct is required for ovary encapsulation. This study reveals novel relationships among the ovary and surrounding tissues and paves the way for functional investigation of the relationship between architecture and differentiation of the mammalian ovary.
Topics: Humans; Female; Mice; Animals; Ovary; Oviducts; Fetus; Morphogenesis; Ligaments; Mammals
PubMed: 36165446
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.81088