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Nature Reviews. Disease Primers Jun 2017Excessive fat deposition in obesity has a multifactorial aetiology, but is widely considered the result of disequilibrium between energy intake and expenditure. Despite... (Review)
Review
Excessive fat deposition in obesity has a multifactorial aetiology, but is widely considered the result of disequilibrium between energy intake and expenditure. Despite specific public health policies and individual treatment efforts to combat the obesity epidemic, >2 billion people worldwide are overweight or obese. The central nervous system circuitry, fuel turnover and metabolism as well as adipose tissue homeostasis are important to comprehend excessive weight gain and associated comorbidities. Obesity has a profound impact on quality of life, even in seemingly healthy individuals. Diet, physical activity or exercise and lifestyle changes are the cornerstones of obesity treatment, but medical treatment and bariatric surgery are becoming important. Family history, food environment, cultural preferences, adverse reactions to food, perinatal nutrition, previous or current diseases and physical activity patterns are relevant aspects for the health care professional to consider when treating the individual with obesity. Clinicians and other health care professionals are often ill-equipped to address the important environmental and socioeconomic drivers of the current obesity epidemic. Finally, understanding the epigenetic and genetic factors as well as metabolic pathways that take advantage of 'omics' technologies could play a very relevant part in combating obesity within a precision approach.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Health Behavior; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Obesity; Overweight; Quality of Life; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 28617414
DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.34 -
Child: Care, Health and Development Sep 2019Controlling childhood overweight/obesity would help early prevention on children from getting chronic noncommunicable diseases, exposing to screen for long periods may... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Controlling childhood overweight/obesity would help early prevention on children from getting chronic noncommunicable diseases, exposing to screen for long periods may increase the risk of overweight/obesity due to lack of physical activity and tend to intake too much energy, and the relationship between screen time and overweight/obesity is inconsistent. Thus, the object of the present study was to estimate the relationship between screen time and overweight/obesity in children (<18 years) by systematically review prevalence studies.
METHODS
We collected data from relevant studies published up to May 2019 using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. And all the literatures were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Web of Science.
RESULTS
A total of 16 studies met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. When compared with the screen time <2 hr/day, an increased overweight/obesity risk among children was shown in the screen time ≥2 hr/day (OR = 1.67; 95% CI [1.48, 1.88], P < .0001). The subgroup analysis showed a positive association between the different types of screen time and overweight/obesity among children.
CONCLUSION
Based on our study, increasing screen time could be a risk factor for being overweight/obesity in children and adolescents.
Topics: Child; Humans; Overweight; Pediatric Obesity; Prevalence; Publication Bias; Risk Factors; Screen Time; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 31270831
DOI: 10.1111/cch.12701 -
The Nursing Clinics of North America Dec 2021
Topics: Global Health; Health Care Costs; Health Policy; Humans; Nurse's Role; Obesity; Overweight
PubMed: 34749902
DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2021.08.004 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Jun 2023This study aimed to review and quantify the association between overweight and obesity in the risk of multimorbidity among the general population. We conducted a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study aimed to review and quantify the association between overweight and obesity in the risk of multimorbidity among the general population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in the databases of Pubmed, Lilacs, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. We included cohort studies that assessed the association between overweight and/or obesity with the risk of multimorbidity. The Newcastle-Ottawa assessed the studies' individual quality. A random-effect model meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association between overweight and obesity with the relative risk (RR) of multimorbidity; the I test evaluated heterogeneity. After excluding duplicates, we found 1.655 manuscripts, of which eight met the inclusion criteria. Of these, seven (87.5%) evidenced an increased risk of multimorbidity among subjects with overweight and/or obesity. Overall, we observed an increased risk of multimorbidity among subjects with overweight (RR: 1.26; CI95%: 1.12; 1.40, I = 98%) and obesity (RR: 1.99; CI95%: 1.45;2.72, I = 99%) compared to normal weight. According to the I test, the heterogeneities of the meta-analyses were high. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale showed that all studies were classified as high quality. Further longitudinal studies are needed, including different populations and stratifications by sex, age, and other variables.
Topics: Humans; Overweight; Multimorbidity; Obesity; Longitudinal Studies
PubMed: 36929143
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13562 -
European Journal of Preventive... Oct 2021The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between body mass index (BMI) in young women, using weight early in pregnancy as a proxy for pre-pregnancy weight,...
AIMS
The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between body mass index (BMI) in young women, using weight early in pregnancy as a proxy for pre-pregnancy weight, and risk for early cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality.
METHODS AND RESULTS
In this prospective, registry-based study, we used weight data in early pregnancy from women, registered in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry, and who gave birth between 1982 and 2014 (n = 1,495,499; median age 28.3 years). Of the women, 118,212 (7.9%) were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and 29,630 (2.0%) severely obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2). After a follow-up of median 16.3 years, we identified 3295 and 4375 cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic stroke (IS) corresponding to 13.4 and 17.8 per 100,000 observation years, respectively, occurring at mean ages of 49.8 and 47.3 years. Compared to women with a BMI 20-<22.5 kg/m2, the hazard ratio (HR) of AMI increased with higher BMI from 1.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-1.54) among women with BMI 22.5-<25.0 kg/m2 to 4.71 (95% CI 3.88-5.72) among women with severe obesity, with similar findings for IS and CVD death, after adjustment for age, pregnancy year, parity and comorbidities at baseline. Women with BMI 30-<35.0 and ≥35 kg/m2 had increased all-cause mortality with adjusted HR 1.53 (95% CI 1.43-1.63) and 1.83 (95% CI 1.63-2.05), respectively.
CONCLUSION
A significant increase in the risk for early AMI, IS and CVD death was noticeable in overweight young women, with a marked increase in obese women.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34647583
DOI: 10.1177/2047487320908983 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Jan 2021Obesity is a chronic disease caused by dysregulated energy homeostasis pathways that encourage the accumulation of adiposity, which in turn results in the development or... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a chronic disease caused by dysregulated energy homeostasis pathways that encourage the accumulation of adiposity, which in turn results in the development or exacerbation of weight-related comorbidities. Treatment of obesity relies on a foundation of lifestyle modification; weight loss pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery and devices are additional tools to help patients achieve their health goals. Appropriate management of patients with obesity provides multiple metabolic benefits beyond weight loss.
Topics: Anti-Obesity Agents; Bariatric Surgery; Behavior Therapy; Diet, Reducing; Evidence-Based Medicine; Exercise Therapy; Fasting; Healthy Lifestyle; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Physical Examination
PubMed: 33246516
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2020.08.018 -
Journal of Advanced Nursing May 2018To summarize the associations between weight stigma and physiological and psychological health for individuals who are overweight or obese. (Review)
Review
AIM
To summarize the associations between weight stigma and physiological and psychological health for individuals who are overweight or obese.
BACKGROUND
Weight stigma can be defined as individuals experiencing verbal or physical abuse secondary to being overweight or obese. Weight stigma has negative consequences for both physiological and psychological health.
DESIGN
A quantitative systematic review.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and MEDLINE from 1 January 2008 - 30 July 2016.
REVIEW METHODS
A systematic review was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines, the PRISMA statement guidelines and the quality assessment from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Inclusion criteria consisted of quantitative studies that examined the associations between weight stigma and physiological and psychological health outcomes in adults who were overweight or obese. Exclusion criteria consisted of qualitative studies, literature reviews, expert opinions, editorials and reports on weight stigma without health outcomes or with behavioural outcomes and intervention studies that reduced weight stigma. A quality appraisal of the selected studies was conducted.
RESULTS
A total of 33 studies met the eligibility criteria. Weight stigma was positively associated with obesity, diabetes risk, cortisol level, oxidative stress level, C-reactive protein level, eating disturbances, depression, anxiety, body image dissatisfaction and negatively associated with self-esteem among overweight and obese adults.
CONCLUSION
Weight stigma is associated with adverse physiological and psychological outcomes. This conclusion highlights the need to increase public and professional awareness about the issue of weight stigma and the importance of the further development of assessment and prevention strategies of weight stigma.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Self Concept; Social Stigma
PubMed: 29171076
DOI: 10.1111/jan.13511 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021The ubiquitous exposure of humans to microplastics (MPs) through inhalation of particles in air and ingestion in dust, water, and diet is well established. Humans are... (Review)
Review
The ubiquitous exposure of humans to microplastics (MPs) through inhalation of particles in air and ingestion in dust, water, and diet is well established. Humans are estimated to ingest tens of thousands to millions of MP particles annually, or on the order of several milligrams daily. Available information suggests that inhalation of indoor air and ingestion of drinking water bottled in plastic are the major sources of MP exposure. Little is known on the occurrence of MPs in human diet. Evidence is accumulating that feeding bottles and medical devices can contribute to MP exposure in newborns and infants. Biomonitoring studies of human stool, fetus, and placenta provide direct evidence of MP exposure in infants and children. MPs <20 µm were reported to cross biological membranes. Although plastics were once perceived as inert materials, MP exposure in laboratory animals is linked to various forms of inflammation, immunological response, endocrine disruption, alteration of lipid and energy metabolism, and other disorders. Whereas exposure to MPs itself is a concern, MPs can also be sources of exposure to plastic additives and other toxicants. Exposure of human cell lines to MP additives such as phthalates, bisphenols, and organotins causes adverse effects through the activation of nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, β, and γ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), leading to oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, thyroid hormone disruption, and altered adipogenesis and energy production. The size, shape, chemical composition, surface charge, and hydrophobicity of MPs influence their toxicity. Maternal transfer of MPs to the developing fetus has been demonstrated in exposed laboratory animals and through the analysis of human placenta. In laboratory animal studies, maternal exposure to MPs altered energy and lipid metabolism in offspring and subsequent generations. Moreover, concomitant with the global increase in plastics production, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in human populations has increased over the past five decades, and there is evidence to support the hypothesis that MPs and their additives are potential obesogens. Even though MP exposures are ubiquitous and toxic effects from such exposures are a concern, systematic studies on this topic remain urgently needed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Microplastics; Obesity; Overweight
PubMed: 34484127
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.724989 -
Beneficial Microbes Feb 2021Obesity and overweight are two of the most health challenges with an increasing prevalence in recent years, in which several complications have been identified to have a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Obesity and overweight are two of the most health challenges with an increasing prevalence in recent years, in which several complications have been identified to have a high impact in patients' health conditions. In this vein, an increasing interest in the gut microbiota has emerged as a target for therapeutic strategies in obesity and overweight due to its direct relation with the aforementioned health conditions and complications. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics as a therapeutic strategy in the management of obesity and overweight. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials was carried out in 6 databases until May 2019 to assess the use of probiotics in obesity and overweight patients. The Jadad Scale was used to assess the quality of the clinical trials. Twenty-three clinical trials published between 2000 and 2019 met the inclusion criteria. The role of probiotics in reducing body mass index and weight as well as changing the visceral abdominal fat area, waist and hip circumference were shown in 14 of 23 trials (60.87%); 14 trials (60.87%) showed changes on patients' fatty acids and biomarkers; and 4 trials (17.39%) studied the role of the gut microbiota in obese and overweight patients. Some probiotics strains are shown to be effective in reducing body mass index and hip circumference. This review provides evidence of successful results in weight loss using probiotic groups.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Fatty Acids; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Probiotics; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Weight Loss; Young Adult
PubMed: 33459204
DOI: 10.3920/BM2020.0111 -
International Journal of Qualitative... Dec 2021: In light of the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, understanding the experiences, strategies and challenges encountered when trying to achieve...
: In light of the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, understanding the experiences, strategies and challenges encountered when trying to achieve substantial, sustainable weight loss is an important area to investigate. We systematically evaluated qualitative studies focusing on the accounts of individuals who have achieved sustained weight loss to create a comprehensive picture of the experience of sustainable weight loss. : Included studies were peer-reviewed studies that qualitatively assessed the views and experiences of adults who previously had or currently have overweight or obesity who successfully lost weight and who subsequently maintained or regained weight. The evidence was systematically synthesized, which enabled the formulation of clear themes and recommendations. : The 15 chosen studies included the accounts of 294 individuals. We found that continuous monitoring and goal setting, driven by sustained motivation and encouraging experiences, while resisting ever present challenges and enduring discouraging experience encapsulates the experience of sustained, substantial weight loss. : This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the experiences, strategies and challenges encountered when trying to achieve substantial, sustained weight loss. Additional research taking into account findings from this review and others of its kind will enhance the formulation of treatment protocols.
Topics: Goals; Humans; Motivation; Obesity; Overweight; Qualitative Research; Weight Loss; Weight Reduction Programs
PubMed: 33455563
DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2020.1862481