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Trends in Microbiology Jun 2023
Topics: Paenibacillus polymyxa
PubMed: 36564337
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.11.010 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2019Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics to control human and plant pathogens greatly accelerated the development of antibiotic resistance among bacteria and fungi.... (Review)
Review
Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics to control human and plant pathogens greatly accelerated the development of antibiotic resistance among bacteria and fungi. Therefore, usage of new approaches is necessary to control outbreaks of phytopathogenic diseases as well as multidrug-resistant human pathogens. Many of the polyketides (PKs) and lipopetides (LPs) produced by Bacillus and Paenibacillus species have been described as antimicrobial agents that can be potentially applied as sustainable bio-organic products in medicine against human pathogens and in agriculture for controlling plant pathogens. The present review provides a general information about the classification and biochemical structure of known Bacillus- and Paenibacillus-secreted PKs, as well as ribosomally and nonribosomally synthesized peptides, their functional features, gene clusters involved in their production, and the mode of action of these metabolites.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacillus; Bacteriocins; Biological Control Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Lipopeptides; Paenibacillus; Plant Diseases; Plants; Polyketides
PubMed: 30603850
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9541-0 -
Environmental Microbiology Oct 2021The bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa is found naturally in diverse niches. Microbiome analyses have revealed enrichment in the genus Paenibacillus in soils under... (Review)
Review
The bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa is found naturally in diverse niches. Microbiome analyses have revealed enrichment in the genus Paenibacillus in soils under different adverse conditions, which is often accompanied by improved growth conditions for residing plants. Furthermore, Paenibacillus is a member of the core microbiome of several agriculturally important crops, making its close association with plants an interesting research topic. This review covers the versatile interaction possibilities of P. polymyxa with plants and its applicability in industry and agriculture. Thanks to its array of produced compounds and traits, P. polymyxa is likely an efficient plant growth-promoting bacterium, with the potential of biofertilization, biocontrol and protection against abiotic stresses. By contrast, cases of phytotoxicity of P. polymyxa have been described as well, in which growth conditions seem to play a key role. Because of its adjustable character, we propose this bacterial species as an outstanding model for future studies on host-microbe communications and on the manner how the environment can influence these interactions.
Topics: Paenibacillus; Paenibacillus polymyxa; Plant Development; Plants
PubMed: 33684235
DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15450 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2022Bacteria were isolated from wastewater and soil containing charred wood remnants based on their ability to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon source and on their...
Bacteria were isolated from wastewater and soil containing charred wood remnants based on their ability to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon source and on their levoglucosan dehydrogenase (LGDH) activity. On the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, these bacteria represented the diverse genera , , , and Klebsiella. Genomic sequencing of the isolates verified that two isolates represented novel species, MEC069 and MEC087, while the remaining isolates were closely related to Microbacterium lacusdiani or Klebsiella pneumoniae. The genetic sequence of LGDH, , was found in the genomes of these four isolates as well as Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans Sphe3. The identity of the LGDH was experimentally verified following recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. Comparison of the putative genes surrounding in the isolate genomes indicated that several other gene products facilitate the bacterial catabolism of levoglucosan, including a putative sugar isomerase and several transport proteins. Levoglucosan is the most prevalent soluble carbohydrate remaining after high-temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, but it is not fermented by typical production microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A few fungi metabolize levoglucosan via the enzyme levoglucosan kinase, while several bacteria metabolize levoglucosan via levoglucosan dehydrogenase. This study describes the isolation and characterization of four bacterial species that degrade levoglucosan. Each isolate is shown to contain several genes within an operon involved in levoglucosan degradation, furthering our understanding of bacteria that metabolize levoglucosan.
Topics: Biomass; Glucose; Paenibacillus; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 34910566
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01868-21 -
Archives of Microbiology Dec 2023During the study of microbial ecology of forest soil, two circular, white-colored bacterial colonies were isolated and labeled as strains TW38 and TW40. Both strains...
During the study of microbial ecology of forest soil, two circular, white-colored bacterial colonies were isolated and labeled as strains TW38 and TW40. Both strains were catalase positive and oxidase negative. Strains TW38 and TW40 demonstrated growth within a temperature range of 10-37 °C and 18-37 °C, respectively, and thrived within a pH range of 5.5-9.0 and 6.0-8.0, respectively. Both strains grew at 0-2.0% (w/v) NaCl concentrations. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that strains TW38 and TW40 affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus, with the closest neighbors being Paenibacillus montanisoli RA17 (98.6%) and Paenibacillus arachidis E3 (95.4%), respectively. In both strains, the sole respiratory quinone was MK-7, the signature fatty acid was antiso-C, and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and the average nucleotide identity values between TW38, TW40, and closest reference strains were < 29.0% and < 85.0%, respectively. The DNA G+C content of TW38 and TW40 was 54.5% and 57.1%, respectively. In general, the phylogenetic, genomics, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic data support the differentiation of TW38 and TW40 from other closest members of the genus Paenibacillus. Thus, we conclude both strains TW38 and TW40 represent novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus silvisoli sp. nov. and Paenibacillus humicola sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of Paenibacillus silvisoli is TW38 (= KCTC 43468 = NBRC 116015) and type strain of Paenibacillus humicola is TW40 (= KCTC 43469 = NBRC 116016).
Topics: Phylogeny; Cardiolipins; Forests; Paenibacillus; DNA
PubMed: 38147140
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03763-x -
International Journal of Biological... Mar 2024Paenibacillus polymyxa (P. polymyxa) is a member of the genus Paenibacillus, which is a rod-shaped, spore-forming gram-positive bacterium. P. polymyxa is a source of... (Review)
Review
Paenibacillus polymyxa (P. polymyxa) is a member of the genus Paenibacillus, which is a rod-shaped, spore-forming gram-positive bacterium. P. polymyxa is a source of many metabolically active substances, including polypeptides, volatile organic compounds, phytohormone, hydrolytic enzymes, exopolysaccharide (EPS), etc. Due to the wide range of compounds that it produces, P. polymyxa has been extensively studied as a plant growth promoting bacterium which provides a direct benefit to plants through the improvement of N fixation from the atmosphere and enhancement of the solubilization of phosphorus and the uptake of iron in the soil, and phytohormones production. Among the metabolites from P. polymyxa, EPS exhibits many activities, for example, antioxidant, immunomodulating, anti-tumor and many others. EPS has various applications in food, agriculture, environmental protection. Particularly, in the field of sustainable agriculture, P. polymyxa EPS can be served as a biofilm to colonize microbes, and also can act as a nutrient sink on the roots of plants in the rhizosphere. Therefore, this paper would provide a comprehensive review of the advancements of diverse aspects of EPS from P. polymyxa, including the production, extraction, structure, biosynthesis, bioactivity and applications, etc. It would provide a direction for future research on P. polymyxa EPS.
Topics: Paenibacillus polymyxa; Paenibacillus; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Development; Plants
PubMed: 38278396
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129663 -
Microbial Cell Factories Dec 2016Isolated from a wide range of sources, the genus Paenibacillus comprises bacterial species relevant to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Many Paenibacillus... (Review)
Review
Isolated from a wide range of sources, the genus Paenibacillus comprises bacterial species relevant to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Many Paenibacillus species can promote crop growth directly via biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and release of siderophores that enable iron acquisition. They can also offer protection against insect herbivores and phytopathogens, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and viruses. This is accomplished by the production of a variety of antimicrobials and insecticides, and by triggering a hypersensitive defensive response of the plant, known as induced systemic resistance (ISR). Paenibacillus-derived antimicrobials also have applications in medicine, including polymyxins and fusaricidins, which are nonribosomal lipopeptides first isolated from strains of Paenibacillus polymyxa. Other useful molecules include exo-polysaccharides (EPS) and enzymes such as amylases, cellulases, hemicellulases, lipases, pectinases, oxygenases, dehydrogenases, lignin-modifying enzymes, and mutanases, which may have applications for detergents, food and feed, textiles, paper, biofuel, and healthcare. On the negative side, Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood, a lethal disease of honeybees, while a variety of species are opportunistic infectors of humans, and others cause spoilage of pasteurized dairy products. This broad review summarizes the major positive and negative impacts of Paenibacillus: its realised and prospective contributions to agriculture, medicine, process manufacturing, and bioremediation, as well as its impacts due to pathogenicity and food spoilage. This review also includes detailed information in Additional files 1, 2, 3 for major known Paenibacillus species with their locations of isolation, genome sequencing projects, patents, and industrially significant compounds and enzymes. Paenibacillus will, over time, play increasingly important roles in sustainable agriculture and industrial biotechnology.
Topics: Animals; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Paenibacillus
PubMed: 27905924
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0603-7 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Aug 2022Algicidal bacteria can be used for control of harmful algal bloom and extraction of algal bioproducts based on their algae-lysing activities. This work investigated the...
AIMS
Algicidal bacteria can be used for control of harmful algal bloom and extraction of algal bioproducts based on their algae-lysing activities. This work investigated the algae-lysing activity of a newly isolated algicidal bacterium, Paenibacillus polymyxa strain MEZ6 and its possible mechanisms.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Algicidal bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected at the university campus. Co-inoculation tests identified that one isolate, MEZ6, can rapidly kill eukaryotic algae including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Tribonema minus, Haematococcus pluvialis, and Chlorella ellipsoidea. The strain was determined as Paenibacillus polymyxa MEZ6 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and genome comparisons. The algicidal activity was detected in both living cells and cell-free supernatant of spent culture medium, suggesting cell-cell contact is not required for algicidal activity. Strain MEZ6 was less active towards cyanobacterial strains compared to algae. Genomic sequence and comparative proteomic analyses were performed to explore the possible algicidal mechanisms of the strain. Differentially expressed protein analysis identified a number of proteins related to polysaccharides degradation and antimicrobial secondary metabolite biosynthesis that may be involved in the algicidal activity of MEZ6.
CONCLUSION
Paenibacillus polymyxa MEZ6 is a newly discovered gram-positive algicidal bacterial strain with high lytic activity towards several algal species.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Our study extends the understanding of the versatile characters of Paenibacillus polymyxa and sheds new insights into its application in algae biotechnology.
Topics: Bacteria; Chlorella; Harmful Algal Bloom; Humans; Microalgae; Paenibacillus; Paenibacillus polymyxa; Proteomics; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35462459
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15592 -
Microbial Genomics Feb 2020is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), the most devastating bacterial disease of the honeybee. is... (Review)
Review
is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), the most devastating bacterial disease of the honeybee. is antibiotic resistant, complicating treatment efforts. Bacteriophages that target are rapidly emerging as a promising treatment. The first phages were isolated in the 1950s, but as was not antibiotic resistant at the time, interest in them remained scant. Interest in phages has grown rapidly since the first phage genome was sequenced in 2013. Since then, the number of sequenced phage genomes has reached 48 and is set to grow further. All sequenced phages encode a conserved -acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase that is responsible for cleaving the peptidoglycan cell wall of . All phages also encode either an integrase, excisionase or Cro/CI, indicating that they are temperate. In the last few years, several studies have been published on using phages and the phage amidase as treatments for AFB. Studies were conducted on infected larvae and also on hives in the field. The phages have a prophylactic effect, preventing infection, and also a curative effect, helping resolve infection. phages have a narrow range, lysing only , and are unable to lyse even related species. phages thus appear to be safe to use and effective as treatment for AFB, and interest in them in the coming years will continue to grow.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriophages; Bees; Genome, Viral; Paenibacillus larvae
PubMed: 32111267
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000329 -
PloS One 2016The soil-related Bacillus and Paenibacillus species have increasingly been implicated in various human diseases. Nevertheless, their identification still poses problems...
The soil-related Bacillus and Paenibacillus species have increasingly been implicated in various human diseases. Nevertheless, their identification still poses problems in the clinical microbiology laboratory and, with the exception of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus, little is known on their pathogenicity for humans. In this study, we evaluated the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the identification of clinical isolates of these genera and conducted genotypic and phenotypic analyses to highlight specific virulence properties. Seventy-five clinical isolates were subjected to biochemical and MALDI-TOF MS identification. 16S rDNA sequencing and supplemental tests were used to solve any discrepancies or failures in the identification results. MALDI-TOF MS significantly outperformed classical biochemical testing for correct species identification and no misidentification was obtained. One third of the collected strains belonged to the B. cereus species, but also Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis were isolated at high rate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all the B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. simplex, B. mycoides, Paenibacillus glucanolyticus and Paenibacillus lautus isolates are resistant to penicillin. The evaluation of toxin/enzyme secretion, toxin-encoding genes, motility, and biofilm formation revealed that B. cereus displays the highest virulence potential. However, although generally considered nonpathogenic, most of the other species were shown to swim, swarm, produce biofilms, and secrete proteases that can have a role in bacterial virulence. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS appears useful for fast and accurate identification of Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains whose virulence properties make them of increasing clinical relevance.
Topics: Bacillus; Bacterial Typing Techniques; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Paenibacillus; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 27031639
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152831