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Pancreatology : Official Journal of the... Sep 2020Disconnected Pancreatic Duct Syndrome (DPDS) is an important but often overlooked complication of acute necrotising pancreatitis (ANP) that occurs due to necrosis of the... (Review)
Review
Disconnected Pancreatic Duct Syndrome (DPDS) is an important but often overlooked complication of acute necrotising pancreatitis (ANP) that occurs due to necrosis of the main pancreatic duct (PD). This segmental necrosis leads on to disconnection between the viable upstream pancreatic parenchyma and the duodenum. The disconnected and functional segment of pancreas continues to secrete pancreatic juice that is not drained into the gastrointestinal tract and lead on to recurrent pancreatic fluid collections (PFC), refractory external pancreatic flstulae and chronic abdominal pain/recurrent pancreatitis. Because of lack of awareness of this important complication of ANP, the diagnosis of DPDS is usually delayed. The delay in diagnosis increases the morbidity of the disease as well as increase the cost of treatment and duration of hospital stay. Surgery has remained the cornerstone for management of patients with DPDS. The conventional surgical approaches have been either resection or internal drainage procedures. Surgery for DPDS in the setting of ANP is often difficult due to presence of local inflammation and extensive venous collaterals in the operative field due to splenic vein thrombosis and therefore is associated with significant morbidity. Advancement in therapeutic endoscopy, especially advent of therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound has opened an exciting new field of minimally invasive therapeutic options for management of DPDS. The present review discusses the current understanding of the clinical manifestations, imaging features and management strategies in patients with DPDS.
Topics: Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pancreatic Diseases; Pancreatic Ducts; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 32800651
DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.07.402 -
Journal of Digestive Diseases Dec 2022Pancreatic duct stenting using endoscopy or surgery is widely used for the management of benign and malignant pancreatic diseases. Endoscopic pancreatic stents are... (Review)
Review
Pancreatic duct stenting using endoscopy or surgery is widely used for the management of benign and malignant pancreatic diseases. Endoscopic pancreatic stents are mainly used to relieve pain caused by chronic pancreatitis and pancreas divisum, and to treat pancreatic duct disruption and stenotic pancreaticointestinal anastomosis after surgery. They are also used to prevent postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis and postoperative pancreatic fistula, treat pancreatic cancer, and locate radiolucent stones. Recent advances in endoscopic techniques, such as endoscopic ultrasonography and balloon enteroscopy, and newly designed stents have broadened the indications for pancreatic duct stenting. In this review we outlined the types, insertion procedures, efficacy, and complications of endoscopic pancreatic duct stent placement, and summarized the applications of pancreatic duct stents in surgery.
Topics: Humans; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Pancreas; Pancreatic Ducts; Pancreatitis; Stents; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 36776138
DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13158 -
Theranostics 2021Recent studies have proven that the overall pathophysiology of pancreatitis involves not only the pancreatic acinar cells but also duct cells, however, pancreatic duct...
Recent studies have proven that the overall pathophysiology of pancreatitis involves not only the pancreatic acinar cells but also duct cells, however, pancreatic duct contribution in acinar cells homeostasis is poorly known and the molecular mechanisms leading to acinar insult and acute pancreatitis (AP) are unclear. Our previous work also showed that S100A9 protein level was notably increased in AP rat pancreas through iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. Therefore, we investigated the actions of injured duct cells on acinar cells and the S100A9-related effects and mechanisms underlying AP pathology in the present paper. In this study, we constructed S100A9 knockout (s100a9) mice and an coculture system for pancreatic duct cells and acinar cells. Moreover, a variety of small molecular inhibitors of S100A9 were screened from ChemDiv through molecular docking and virtual screening methods. We found that the upregulation of S100A9 induces cell injury and inflammatory response via NLRP3 activation by targeting VNN1-mediated ROS release; and loss of S100A9 decreases AP injury and . Moreover, molecular docking and mutant plasmid experiments proved that S100A9 has a direct interaction with VNN1 through the salt bridges formation of Lys57 and Glu92 residues in S100A9 protein. We further found that compounds CHNO and CHFNOS can significantly improve AP injury and through inhibiting S100A9-VNN1 interaction. Our study showed the important regulatory effect of S100A9 on pancreatic duct injury during AP and revealed that inhibition of the S100A9-VNN1 interaction may be a key therapeutic target for this disease.
Topics: Acinar Cells; Amidohydrolases; Animals; Calgranulin B; Cell Line; GPI-Linked Proteins; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Molecular Docking Simulation; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Pancreatic Ducts; Pancreatitis; Reactive Oxygen Species; Small Molecule Libraries
PubMed: 33754072
DOI: 10.7150/thno.54245 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Jul 2020Pancreatic duct variations are usually diagnosed incidentally, in particular when using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), the most accurate imaging...
Pancreatic duct variations are usually diagnosed incidentally, in particular when using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), the most accurate imaging modality for depicting the pancreatic ductal system. However, the frequency and the embryologic development of pancreatic variants have not been well investigated. The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the frequency of pancreatic ductal variants, providing potential explanations of their embryologic basis. The pancreatic ductal anatomies of 202 patients with mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 54 ± 27 years, 56% females, who underwent MRCP for different indications between April 2018 and March 2019, were prospectively collected. Normal pancreatic ductal variants were identified in 196 cases (97%), and variants of pancreas divisum in six cases (3%). In the type C variant of the normal pancreatic anatomy, found in 3% of the cases, the dorsal duct was joined to the ventral duct while the accessory duct did not communicate with the dorsal duct. Unlike the classic type C variant, in our cases, the accessory pancreatic duct (APD) was long (mean ± SD of 58 ± 8.5 mm) and originated in the lower portion of the pancreatic head, caudally to the duct of Wirsung. This was a new subtype of the type C variant or a new variant, which could be called "pancreas divisum inversus"; the APD could be called the isolated duct of Santorini. Reporting this new variant could increase knowledge regarding the pancreatic anatomy in order to avoid misdiagnosis and to help in better understanding pancreatic diseases and their relative treatment. Clin. Anat., 33:646-652, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreatic Ducts; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 31576611
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23475 -
Journal of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic... Apr 2023
Topics: Humans; Pancreatic Ducts; Pancreas
PubMed: 36321196
DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1261 -
Khirurgiia 2022To select the optimal treatment for uninfected and suppurative rare mediastinal pancreatobiliary pseudocysts.
OBJECTIVE
To select the optimal treatment for uninfected and suppurative rare mediastinal pancreatobiliary pseudocysts.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
There were 10 patients with mediastinal pancreatogenic (=9) and biliogenic (=1) pseudocysts formed through esophageal (=9) and aortic (=1) hiatus of the diaphragm. All patients were divided into groups: group A - uninfected pancreatic pseudocysts (=5) formed through esophageal hiatus; group B - 5 patients with suppurative pancreatogenic (=4) and biliogenic (=1) mediastinitis complicated by biliopleuroesophageal (=1), pancreatoesophageal (=1) and pancreatopleural (=2) fistulas.
RESULTS
In the group A, simultaneous procedures (=5) were performed depending on pancreatic parenchyma and pancreatic duct destruction. Distal ductal obstruction required Frey procedure (=3). If distal duct was patent, we resected cyst-containing pancreatic tail (=2). Early and long-term results were favorable. In the group B, mediastinitis persisted for a long time with normal temperature as a rule. In our opinion, mild course is associated with gradual introduction of purulent tissues into mediastinum and development of a tissue barrier. Two-stage surgeries were performed in patients with pancreatopleural empyema. Mediastinitis lasting 6-8 weeks caused perforation of the lower third of esophagus (=2) and death of 1 patient. Risk factors of mediastinal pseudocysts: hypertension in pancreatic duct and pseudocysts, immobile cicatricial tissues of omental bursa, proximity of subdiaphragmatic structures to esophageal and aortic hiatus of the diaphragm. Pressure in aortic canal (mmHg) is 10 times higher than in esophageal canal that increases migration through the esophageal hiatus. It is advisable to distinguish pancreatoesophageal and biliopleuroesophageal fistulas.
CONCLUSION
Uninfected mediastinal pseudocysts require simultaneous procedures, pancreatopleural empyema - two-stage interventions. Therapy is recommended in patients with esophageal fistula and no severe symptoms and intoxication.
Topics: Drainage; Humans; Mediastinum; Pancreas; Pancreatic Ducts; Pancreatic Pseudocyst
PubMed: 35289550
DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia202203156 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... 2022Endoscopic drainage requires transpapillary access to the pancreatic duct during ERCP. When ERCP failed, EUS-guided pancreatico-gastro or bulbostomy and/or rendez-vous... (Review)
Review
Endoscopic drainage requires transpapillary access to the pancreatic duct during ERCP. When ERCP failed, EUS-guided pancreatico-gastro or bulbostomy and/or rendez-vous technique offers an alternative to surgery. Although data has demonstrated that the procedure can be safe and effective, EUS-guided PD drainage remains one of the most technically challenging therapeutic EUS interventions, as evidenced by the multiple considerations on device selection and the risk of severe complications.
Topics: Humans; Endosonography; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Pancreatic Ducts; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Drainage
PubMed: 36577534
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2022.101815 -
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of... Oct 2023Disconnected pancreatic duct (DPD) is common after acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). Its clinical implications vary according to the course of disease. In the early... (Review)
Review
Disconnected pancreatic duct (DPD) is common after acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). Its clinical implications vary according to the course of disease. In the early phase of ANP, parenchymal necrosis along with disruption of pancreatic duct cause acute necrotic collection that evolves into walled-off necrosis (WON). In the later phase, DPD becomes evident as confirmed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Clinical manifestations of DPD can vary from being asymptomatic, recurrent pain, recurrent pancreatic fluid collection (PFC), obstructive pancreatitis, or external pancreatic fistula (EPF). Few patients develop new-onset diabetes. Long-term indwelling plastic stents have been proposed to prevent the recurrent PFC.
Topics: Humans; Pancreas; Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance; Bile Duct Diseases; Necrosis; Pancreatic Diseases; Pancreatic Ducts
PubMed: 37709409
DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2023.04.004 -
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of... Jul 2024Endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic duct drainage (EUS-PDD) is a method of decompressing the pancreatic duct (PD) if unable to access the papilla or surgical... (Review)
Review
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic duct drainage (EUS-PDD) is a method of decompressing the pancreatic duct (PD) if unable to access the papilla or surgical anastomosis, particularly in nonsurgical candidates. The 2 types of EUS-PDD are EUS-assisted pancreatic rendezvous (EUS-PRV) and EUS-guided pancreaticogastrostomy (EUS-PG). EUS-PRV should be considered in patients with accessible papilla or anastomosis, while EUS-PG is a comparable alternative in surgically altered foregut anatomy. While technical and clinical successes range from 79% to 100%, adverse events occur in approximately 20%. A multidisciplinary approach that considers the patient's anatomy, clinical indication, and long-term goals should be discussed with surgical and interventional radiology colleagues.
Topics: Humans; Drainage; Pancreatic Ducts; Endosonography; Ultrasonography, Interventional; Stents
PubMed: 38796295
DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2024.02.002 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Jun 2018Pancreas divisum is a common variation in pancreatic ductal anatomy present in up to 10% of the population with variable clinical importance. The crossing duct sign... (Review)
Review
Pancreas divisum is a common variation in pancreatic ductal anatomy present in up to 10% of the population with variable clinical importance. The crossing duct sign refers to the appearance of dominant dorsal duct crossing the intrapancreatic common bile duct to empty into the minor papilla, best illustrated on maximum intensity projection images from MRCP.
Topics: Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Humans; Pancreatic Ducts
PubMed: 28871465
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1312-3