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Turk Patoloji Dergisi 2015Excess energy intake and a sedentary lifestyle have led to increasing incidence of obesity which is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance.... (Review)
Review
Excess energy intake and a sedentary lifestyle have led to increasing incidence of obesity which is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance. Research in the last two decades has revealed that chronic-low grade inflammation in adipose tissue is a key link between obesity and insulin resistance. As a result, adipose tissue is now considered an active immune organ with a key role in metabolic homeostasis. In the course of obesity, cells of the immune system infiltrate visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in an active process that promotes local and systemic inflammation. This inflammatory process in VAT is driven by various subsets of immune cells and is a central mechanism connecting obesity with its metabolic complications. One key event of adipose tissue inflammation is the switching of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. In addition, recent research has discovered an expanding list of immune cells contributing to this inflammatory process. Pro-inflammatory immune cells are crucial to obese VAT inflammation because of their production of cytokines, which can interfere with insulin signaling in peripheral tissues. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the pathology of innate and adaptive immune cells in obese adipose tissue, with emphasis in the immunological mechanisms mediating obesity-associated insulin resistance.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation Mediators; Insulin Resistance; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Panniculitis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26177326
DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2015.01323 -
Revista Chilena de Pediatria Feb 2020Panniculitis is a group of diseases that affect subcutaneous fat tissue and clinically manifest as nodules. Its pathogenesis is not entirely clear, and it is usually...
INTRODUCTION
Panniculitis is a group of diseases that affect subcutaneous fat tissue and clinically manifest as nodules. Its pathogenesis is not entirely clear, and it is usually asymptomatic. The confirma tory diagnosis is histological.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of a case of fat necrosis, a specific form of panniculitis in the newborn (NB).
CLINICAL CASE
40-week female NB, born by emergency cesarean section due to fetal tachycardia with meconium, Apgar score 7-8-9. She required oxygen and positive pressure for five minutes. On the fifth day of life, she presen ted an increased volume in the posterior trunk region, with an erythematous - purplish discoloration, which is soft and non-tender to palpation. Skin and soft tissues ultrasound showed increased echo genicity of the subcutaneous cellular tissue and loss of definition of the adipocytes of 42.3 x 9.7 x 20.1 mm approximately, without vascularization. Skin biopsy showed epidermis with irregular acanthosis and basket-weave orthokeratosis; papillary dermis with inflammatory infiltrate, and reticular dermis and adipose tissue with presence of lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with a tendency to form nodules, without vascular involvement, and small cholesterol deposits, compatible with subcutaneous fat ne crosis (SBFN) of the newborn. The patient at three months of age had complete regression of the lesion.
CONCLUSIONS
a clinically and histologically compatible case with SBFN is described, that did not present complications during observation. In general, this pathology has a good prognosis, with spontaneous resolution as in our case.
Topics: Fat Necrosis; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Panniculitis; Remission, Spontaneous
PubMed: 32730418
DOI: 10.32641/rchped.v91i1.1168 -
International Journal of Dermatology Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Inpatients; Panniculitis; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Cohort Studies
PubMed: 34813076
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16004 -
Terapevticheskii Arkhiv May 2018The study of the course and outcomes of panniculitis (PN) in modern rheumatology practice.
AIM
The study of the course and outcomes of panniculitis (PN) in modern rheumatology practice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We observed 209 patients (pts) (f-185, m-24 in age 17 to 80 years) with the input diagnosis "Erythema nodosum? Undifferentiated panniculitis?" and duration of illness in from 1 week to 25 years, observed in V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology in 2009-2016 years. Along with the general clinical examination, serological, immunological histological and immunohistochemical studies, CT scan of the chest, Doppler (Doppler ultrasound) of the veins of the lower extremities, tuberculin tests and consultations with doctors of other specialties were conducted. Outcomes were assessed after 1-6 years.
RESULTS
In 23 pts a secondary character of PN was identified and discovered non-rheumatic underlying disease. Of the remaining 186 cases, the most frequent were pts with erythema nodosum (EN) (n=121), lipodermatosclerosis (LDS) (n=38) and panniculitis of Weber-Christian (PWCh)(n=18). For EN average age (AA) amounted to 38.9±12.6 years, the nodes the nodes were located symmetrically in 93% of cases on all surfaces of the lower and upper extremities (LUE). For LDS AA of the pts was 54±13 years, 68% of the pts noted the increase in the average body mass index (BMI), 79% - showed signs of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). In 60% of the pts the items were located asymmetrically, localized mainly in the medial (92%) of the surface of the tibia (s). For PWCh AA amounted to 48.4 ± 17.6 years, seals were located on all surfaces of LUE and in 14 cases - on the trunk.
CONCLUSION
To clarify the nature of PN it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive survey. The EN is characterized by symmetric defeat of all surfaces LUE more common in people of young age. A distinctive feature of LDS is asymmetrical lesions of the lower extremities in patients with increased BMI and signs of CVI. For PWCh seals are often localized on the trunk.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Erythema Nodosum; Humans; Middle Aged; Panniculitis; Rheumatology; Scleroderma, Localized; Venous Insufficiency; Young Adult
PubMed: 30701890
DOI: 10.26442/terarkh201890555-60 -
Advances in Rheumatology (London,... Jan 2019To evaluate prevalence, clinical manifestations, laboratory abnormalities, treatment and outcome in a multicenter cohort of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate prevalence, clinical manifestations, laboratory abnormalities, treatment and outcome in a multicenter cohort of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients with and without panniculitis.
METHODS
Panniculitis was diagnosed due to painful subcutaneous nodules and/or plaques in deep dermis/subcutaneous tissues and lobular/mixed panniculitis with lymphocytic lobular inflammatory infiltrate in skin biopsy. Statistical analysis was performed using Bonferroni correction(p < 0.004).
RESULTS
Panniculitis was observed in 6/847(0.7%) cSLE. Painful subcutaneous erythematosus and indurated nodules were observed in 6/6 panniculitis patients and painful subcutaneous plaques in 4/6. Generalized distribution was evidenced in 3/6 and localized in upper limbs in 2/6 and face in 1/6. Cutaneous hyperpigmentation and/or cutaneous atrophy occurred in 5/6. Histopathology features showed lobular panniculitis without vasculitis in 5/6(one of them had concomitant obliterative vasculopathy due to antiphospholipid syndrome) and panniculitis with vasculitis in 1/6. Comparison between cSLE with panniculitis and 60 cSLE without panniculitis with same disease duration [2.75(0-11.4) vs. 2.83(0-11.8) years,p = 0.297], showed higher frequencies of constitutional involvement (67% vs. 10%,p = 0.003) and leukopenia (67% vs. 7%,p = 0.002). Cutaneous atrophy and hyperpigmentation occurred in 83% of patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Panniculitis is a rare skin manifestation of cSLE occurring in the first three years of disease with considerable sequelae. The majority of patients have concomitant mild lupus manifestations.
Topics: Adolescent; Age of Onset; Brazil; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Male; Panniculitis, Lupus Erythematosus; Prevalence; Young Adult
PubMed: 30658703
DOI: 10.1186/s42358-019-0049-9 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2015
Topics: Arthritis; Humans; Male; Pancreatitis; Panniculitis
PubMed: 25900941
DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.155578 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2020This study was conducted to assess the protective effect of extract of match (EM) on high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced cognitive deficits in male C57BL/6 mice. It was found...
This study was conducted to assess the protective effect of extract of match (EM) on high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced cognitive deficits in male C57BL/6 mice. It was found that EM improved glucose tolerance status by measuring OGTT and IPGTT with HFD-induced mice. EM protected behavioral and memory dysfunction in Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. Consumption of EM reduced fat mass, dyslipidemia, and inflammation in adipose tissue. Also, EM ameliorated hepatic and cerebral antioxidant systems. EM improved the cerebral cholinergic system by regulating ACh contents and expression of AChE and ChAT. Also, EM restored mitochondrial function in liver and brain tissue. EM attenuated hepatic inflammatory effect, lipid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism by regulating the protein expression of TNF-, TNFR1, -IRS-1, -JNK, IL-1, iNOS, COX-2, HMGCR, PPAR, and FAS. Finally, EM regulated cognitive function and neuroinflammation in the whole brain, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex by regulating the protein expression of -JNK, -Akt, -tau, A, BDNF, IDE, COX-2, and IL-1. These findings suggest that EM might be a potential source of functional food to improve metabolic disorder-associated cognitive dysfunction.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cognitive Dysfunction; Diet, High-Fat; Dyslipidemias; Gene Expression Regulation; Inflammation; Male; Memory Disorders; Mice; Panniculitis; Tea
PubMed: 33312340
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8882763 -
Cutis Jul 2021
Topics: Dermatomyositis; Humans; Panniculitis
PubMed: 34397367
DOI: 10.12788/cutis.0308 -
Journal of Cutaneous Pathology May 2022The extended-release formulation of exenatide for treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus is encapsulated in microspheres composed of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)...
The extended-release formulation of exenatide for treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus is encapsulated in microspheres composed of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and administered weekly. This medication has been reported to potentially cause injection-site reactions such as pruritus, transient nodules, and foreign body reaction. Here, we report a case of exenatide-induced granulomatous panniculitis. Our patient is a 63-year-old female with Type II diabetes presenting for concerns about painful nodules on her abdomen, developing approximately every week over the past year and migrating. Of note, the lesions appeared following exenatide injections in the same locations. Two deep-seated nodules of 1 cm were identified on examination. There were no overlying skin changes, and the lesions were tender to palpation. Punch biopsies of the two lesions were performed, which revealed a septal panniculitis containing amorphous material, along with a mixed inflammatory infiltrate. Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) stains were negative for organisms. On infrared (IR) spectroscopy examination of the biopsy tissue, the spectral characteristics of (tissue) protein and PLGA were seen. Evaluation of the clinical and histopathologic findings, along with the IR spectroscopy match, determined that exenatide-induced panniculitis was the cause of the patient's nodules. This case highlights the importance of clinicians' awareness regarding injection-site reactions.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exenatide; Female; Humans; Microspheres; Middle Aged; Panniculitis; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
PubMed: 34954842
DOI: 10.1111/cup.14193 -
Immunological Reviews Nov 2014One decade has passed since seminal publications described macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue (AT) as a key contributor to inflammation and obesity-related... (Review)
Review
One decade has passed since seminal publications described macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue (AT) as a key contributor to inflammation and obesity-related insulin resistance. Currently, a PubMed search for 'adipose tissue inflammation' reveals over 3500 entries since these original reports. We now know that resident macrophages in lean AT are alternatively activated, M2-like, and play a role in AT homeostasis. In contrast, the macrophages in obese AT are dramatically increased in number and are predominantly classically activated, M1-like, and promote inflammation and insulin resistance. Mediators of AT macrophage (ATM) phenotype include adipokines and fatty acids secreted from adipocytes as well as cytokines secreted from other immune cells in AT. There are several mechanisms that could explain the large increase in ATMs in obesity. These include recruitment-dependent mechanisms such as adipocyte death, chemokine release, and lipolysis of fatty acids. Newer evidence also points to recruitment-independent mechanisms such as impaired apoptosis, increased proliferation, and decreased egress. Although less is known about the homeostatic function of M2-like resident ATMs, recent evidence suggests roles in AT expansion, thermoregulation, antigen presentation, and iron homeostasis. The field of immunometabolism has come a long way in the past decade, and many exciting new discoveries are bound to be made in the coming years that will expand our understanding of how AT stands at the junction of immune and metabolic co-regulation.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Movement; Cytokines; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Macrophages; Metabolic Diseases; Organ Specificity; Panniculitis; Phenotype; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 25319332
DOI: 10.1111/imr.12216