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BMC Women's Health Jan 2018Cervical cancer is a significant public health issue in Xinjiang China. In order to provide scientific basis for cervical cancer intervention in Xinjiang, women's...
BACKGROUND
Cervical cancer is a significant public health issue in Xinjiang China. In order to provide scientific basis for cervical cancer intervention in Xinjiang, women's knowledge of cervical cancer was investigated in this study. Besides, relations between Uyghur women's awareness and their age, educational background, yearly household were evaluated.
METHODS
Questionnaire survey was conducted to 7100 Uyghur women from Karkax Hotan and Payzivat Kashgar during 2008 and 2009. Women aged 21 to 70 years, had sexual activity, no history of cervical lesion or cervical cancer were considered to be eligible to the study. Information include participants' socio-demographic background, personal data, awareness about Pap smear, about cervical cancer and HPV, sources of information acquisition was investigated.
RESULTS
65.1% of the 7100 respondents with primary education level, and 95.0% participants were farmers. Only 7.4% had undertaken Pap smears before, not aware of the importance of the test (97.4% of 7100) was the main reason for not performing Pap smears. 29.3% of total participants had heard about cervical cancer, and only 0.14% (10 out of 7100) had heard about HPV. Top three route of knowledge acquire were television advertises (39.1%), neighbors (21.0%) and health care providers (15.0%). Women younger than 40 years, with higher educational levels and higher income had better awareness of cervical cancer and more willing to accept regular Pap smears.
CONCLUSIONS
Uyghur women in Xinjiang had poor knowledge of cervical cancer and HPV infection. Low awareness of women was associated with less household income and lower educational levels. TV shows and education from health care providers may increase women's participation in cervical cancer control and prevention.
Topics: Adult; Aged; China; Ethnicity; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 29343254
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0512-5 -
Journal of Transcultural Nursing :... Nov 2018Pap smear screening programs have been ineffective in reducing cervical cancer mortality in most Latin American and Caribbean countries, in part due to low screening... (Review)
Review
Social and Cultural Barriers to Women's Participation in Pap Smear Screening Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Latin American and Caribbean Countries: An Integrative Review.
PURPOSE
Pap smear screening programs have been ineffective in reducing cervical cancer mortality in most Latin American and Caribbean countries, in part due to low screening rates. The purpose of this review was to analyze recent studies to identify demographic, social, and cultural factors influencing women's participation in Pap screening programs in Latin America and the Caribbean.
DESIGN/METHOD
For this integrative review, cervical cancer screening in Latin America and the Caribbean was searched using PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases. Findings/Results: Demographic barriers to screening were socioeconomic status, education, race/ethnicity, and geography. Social barriers included lack of uniformity in screening guidelines, lack of knowledge regarding cervical cancer, and lack of preventive culture. Cultural barriers were fear/embarrassment and gender roles.
CONCLUSIONS
There are multilevel barriers to Pap smear utilization among women in Latin America and the Caribbean.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Findings highlight a need for health system engagement, promotion of preventive care, and community-generated educational programs and solutions.
Topics: Adult; Caribbean Region; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Latin America; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Preventive Medicine; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 29366369
DOI: 10.1177/1043659618755424 -
Gynecologie, Obstetrique, Fertilite &... May 2017Current French recommendations advocate cervical-vaginal screening for cervical cancer from age 25 whereas earlier screening is mostly found in current clinical practice... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Current French recommendations advocate cervical-vaginal screening for cervical cancer from age 25 whereas earlier screening is mostly found in current clinical practice although its consequences are not well understood.
METHODS
A literature review using the MedLine database on the natural history of HPV infections, cytological screening, management of cytological and histological anomalies in adolescents and young women.
RESULTS
The adolescent and young woman have some characteristics that distinguish them from adult women: a high prevalence of HPV infections (making the use of the HPV test unprofitable), accompanied by a higher clearance; frequency of minor cytological abnormalities (for which a cytological surveillance without colposcopy is sufficient) and low-grade histological lesions of low grade the usual prognosis of which is complete recovery; and rarity of CIN3 lesions and absence of invasive lesions, allowing no treatment in patients with CIN2 lesions and compliant to cytological and colposcopic surveillance.
CONCLUSION
Cervical screening in the adolescent and young woman is not a logical attitude and the discovery of cytological or histological lesions requires specific behavior in this particular population.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Cervix Uteri; Colposcopy; Female; Humans; MEDLINE; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomavirus Infections; Prognosis; Risk Factors; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 28479075
DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2017.03.003 -
JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical... 2018Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women in Nepal. Pap smear test is the most important screening test for cervical cancer, which helps in reducing mortality...
INTRODUCTION
Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in women in Nepal. Pap smear test is the most important screening test for cervical cancer, which helps in reducing mortality from it. This study is to assess the knowledge of cancer cervix and practice of Pap smear test and to analyze the impact of educational status on them.
METHODS
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out among the married women who attended the Out Patient Department for gynecological problems at Kathmandu Medical College. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. The questionnaire consisted of three sections , first section included the demographic profile, second part included assessment of the knowledge of cancer cervix, and third part included evaluation of the utilization of Pap smear test.
RESULTS
A total of 205 married women were included in the study. Out of them,152 (74%) were aware of cancer cervix. Only 80 (39%) of women were aware of Pap smear test. Pap smear test coverage was 34 (16.6%) in studied population. Main reason of not doing Pap smear test was lack of knowledge of the test. High educational status of the women had significant positive impact on knowledge of cancer cervix and practice of Pap smear test.
CONCLUSIONS
The knowledge of cancer cervix was good in our women, but knowledge and the practice of Pap smear test was poor. Good educational status of the women was found to influence the on knowledge of cancer cervix and uptake of Pap smear test.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Needs Assessment; Nepal; Papanicolaou Test; Risk Factors; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 30381758
DOI: No ID Found -
National Health Statistics Reports Jun 2021Background-Regular screening tests can lead to early detection of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers, when treatment is likely to be more effective. This study...
Background-Regular screening tests can lead to early detection of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers, when treatment is likely to be more effective. This study examines and compares sociodemographic, health status, and health behavior patterns of screening for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colorectal cancer among women aged 45 and over in the United States. Methods-This study is based on data from the 2015 and 2018 National Health Interview Surveys. Women were considered to have received colorectal cancer screening if they reported having one of the following: a) report of a home fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in the past year, b) sigmoidoscopy procedure in the past 5 years with FOBT in the past 3 years, or c) colonoscopy in the past 10 years. Women were considered to have received breast cancer screening if they had a mammogram within the past 2 years. Women were considered to have received cervical cancer screening if they reported having a Pap smear in the past 3 years. Cancer screening was analyzed by sociodemographic, health status, health behavior, and health care use characteristics. Results-Among women aged 45 and over, higher percentages of screening were associated with higher socioeconomic status, being married or living with a partner, and healthy behaviors such as not smoking, participating in physical activity, and receiving a flu shot. Conclusion-Differences in screening identified in this study are generally consistent with previous studies on screening for colorectal, breast, and cervical cancers for women at average risk and within the age groups recommended for screening. The results of this study support other findings showing the persistence of disparities in cancer screening among women aged 45 and over according to most of the selected characteristics regardless of recommended age of screening.
Topics: Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mammography; Papanicolaou Test; United States; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 34181518
DOI: No ID Found -
Computer Methods and Programs in... Oct 2018Early diagnosis and classification of a cancer type can help facilitate the subsequent clinical management of the patient. Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Early diagnosis and classification of a cancer type can help facilitate the subsequent clinical management of the patient. Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most prevalent cancer affecting women worldwide and its early detection provides the opportunity to help save life. To that end, automated diagnosis and classification of cervical cancer from pap-smear images has become a necessity as it enables accurate, reliable and timely analysis of the condition's progress. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art as articulated in prominent recent publications focusing on automated detection of cervical cancer from pap-smear images.
METHODS
The survey reviews publications on applications of image analysis and machine learning in automated diagnosis and classification of cervical cancer from pap-smear images spanning 15 years. The survey reviews 30 journal papers obtained electronically through four scientific databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, IEEE and Science Direct) searched using three sets of keywords: (1) segmentation, classification, cervical cancer; (2) medical imaging, machine learning, pap-smear; (3) automated system, classification, pap-smear.
RESULTS
Most of the existing algorithms facilitate an accuracy of nearly 93.78% on an open pap-smear data set, segmented using CHAMP digital image software. K-nearest-neighbors and support vector machines algorithms have been reported to be excellent classifiers for cervical images with accuracies of over 99.27% and 98.5% respectively when applied to a 2-class classification problem (normal or abnormal).
CONCLUSION
The reviewed papers indicate that there are still weaknesses in the available techniques that result in low accuracy of classification in some classes of cells. Moreover, most of the existing algorithms work either on single or on multiple cervical smear images. This accuracy can be increased by varying various parameters such as the features to be extracted, improvement in noise removal, using hybrid segmentation and classification techniques such of multi-level classifiers. Combining K-nearest-neighbors algorithm with other algorithm(s) such as support vector machines, pixel level classifications and including statistical shape models can also improve performance. Further, most of the developed classifiers are tested on accurately segmented images using commercially available software such as CHAMP software. There is thus a deficit of evidence that these algorithms will work in clinical settings found in developing countries (where 85% of cervical cancer incidences occur) that lack sufficient trained cytologists and the funds to buy the commercial segmentation software.
Topics: Algorithms; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Machine Learning; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 30195423
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.05.034 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2021Video-based interventions have the potential to contribute to long-lasting improvements in health-seeking behaviours. Ghana's upsurge rate of information and...
Video-based interventions have the potential to contribute to long-lasting improvements in health-seeking behaviours. Ghana's upsurge rate of information and communication technology usage presents an opportunity to improve the awareness of HPV vaccination and screening rates of cervical cancer among women in Ghana. This research aimed to assess the impact of video-based educational intervention centred on the Health Belief and Transtheoretical Models of behavioural changes in promoting HPV vaccination, cervical carcinoma awareness and willingness to have Pap smear test (PST) among women in Ghana. To achieve the intended sample size, convenient, purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used. SPSS v. 23.0 was used in the data analysis. Percentages and frequencies were used to represent participants' demographic characteristics, knowledge of (1) cervical carcinoma, (2) human papillomavirus vaccine, and (3) Pap smear test. The chi-square test by McNemar was employed to evaluate variations in the post- and pre-intervention responses. A -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The level of significance was adjusted owing to multiple comparisons by using the Bonferroni's correction. Before the intervention, 84.2% of the participant had some knowledge or information about cervical cancer, but after the intervention, 100% of the participant became aware of cervical cancer which represents 15.8% increment at a < .001. The willingness to have a pap smear test increased from 35.8% to 94.2% (df = 58.4%, < .001) after the educational intervention. The willingness to be vaccinated increased from 47.5% to 81.7% (df = 34.2%, < .001) after the educational intervention. Six months after the intervention, participants were followed-up. 253 (42.2%) participants had gone for cervical cancer screening (Pap smear test) while 347 (57.8%) participants had not been screened. In terms of HPV vaccination, 192 participants (32.0%) had begun their HPV vaccination cycle. The study results show that health education, using videos, may be influential in perception changing, self-efficacy improvement and the understanding of cervical carcinoma screening and HPV vaccination.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Ghana; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 34307280
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Oct 2021Liquid-based preparation (LBP) cytology is commonly used in most laboratories these days due to its convenience and reliable results for the cervical cancer screening...
UNLABELLED
Liquid-based preparation (LBP) cytology is commonly used in most laboratories these days due to its convenience and reliable results for the cervical cancer screening program. The PathTezt™ Liquid-based Pap smear is a second-generation LBP, which uses a filter-based concentration technique in processing the sample.
OBJECTIVE
This study was done to evaluate the cellular fixation, morphology, quality of smear in gynae cytology, and diagnostic interpretation of cervical cytological smears produced by the PathTezt liquid-based processor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 400 pap smear samples were taken and processed using the PathTezt 2000 processor. The slides were evaluated in terms of sample adequacy, percentage of the circle covered by epithelial cells, cellular distribution, obscuring factors, and cell fixation.
RESULTS
About 95.25% (381) of the samples were satisfactory for the evaluation. In 19 (4.75%) of the samples, epithelial cells covered less than 50% of the circle. A sample with good cellular distribution was seen in 92% of the cases, while 354 (88.5%) samples showed minimal inflammatory background. Almost all the smears (95.75%) had no erythrocytes in the background. All smears showed good quality fixation features toward nuclear, cytoplasm, and microorganisms. The total performance rate was 99%.
CONCLUSION
Although the PathTezt liquid-based processor is still new compared to other first-generation LBP, the smears produced by this method were of high quality and it was cost-effective.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cervix Uteri; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Malaysia; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 34711003
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.10.3261 -
Nursing Open May 2022The study examines limiting factors associated with cervical cancer Pap smear screening among participants of reproductive age attending a healthcare facility in Namibia.
AIM
The study examines limiting factors associated with cervical cancer Pap smear screening among participants of reproductive age attending a healthcare facility in Namibia.
DESIGN
A cross-sectional descriptive and exploratory study was conducted.
METHODS
The data were collected using a face-to-face interview (qualitative) and a structured questionnaire (quantitative). A total of 49 participants (10 qualitative and 39 quantitative) aged 17-45 years participated in the study.
RESULTS
The study revealed that 80% of participants have limited knowledge of cervical cancer, while 49% have never done the test before and 8% were not informed of the screening and risk of the disease. Furthermore, 49% of participants responded that the screening fees are not affordable. Meanwhile, all participants (100%) complained of the long waiting period. Other main barriers for not screening were missed announcements and unsuitable time allocation. Knowledge on cervical cancer and turn-up for Pap smear screening test was low among participants of reproductive age.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Perception; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 35243808
DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1196 -
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology :... Oct 2018The aim of this prospective study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of women towards the Pap smear. It was carried out on the women coming to the Department of...
The aim of this prospective study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of women towards the Pap smear. It was carried out on the women coming to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at our University, with the help of a pre-formed questionnaire. We found that only 33% of the women were aware of the Pap smear, and of these hardly (10%) had the correct information. Sixty-five percent of the women said that they would have gotten the Pap smear done, if they had known about it earlier. Unless this knowledge amongst women is improved and their attitude is changed, the indices of cervical cancer cannot be improved. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? A Pap smear is used as a screening test to detect not only early stages of cervical cancer but also the precancerous conditions. A Pap smear is done every three years for routine screening, or every five years along with an HPV DNA test. What do the results of this study add? Despite the efforts from the medical fraternity and governments, the number of women undergoing this test in Uttar Pradesh is very minimal. This study analysed the knowledge and attitude of women towards the Pap smear. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The results have brought into light the many factors hindering an effective cervical cancer screening in India. Further actions need to be directed in the direction to address these issues.
Topics: Adult; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; India; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Prospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 29553837
DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1437616