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Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2023to identify, map and describe characteristics of educational interventions for cervical cancer prevention in adult women. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
to identify, map and describe characteristics of educational interventions for cervical cancer prevention in adult women.
METHODS
a scoping review conducted on eleven databases and the gray literature, including studies that described educational interventions aimed at preventing cervical cancer in adult women.
RESULTS
thirty-three articles with 151,457 participants were analyzed. The most used educational strategies were participatory discussions and educational leaflets. Most of the interventions took place in a single session, ranging from 40 to 60 minutes. The most used theoretical model in interventions to improve women's compliance with Pap smear was the Health Belief Model.
CONCLUSIONS
group discussions, lectures and educational brochures can increase knowledge and reduce barriers to cervical cancer prevention. Theory-based and culturally sensitive interventions can have a positive impact on women's health.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Acceptance of Health Care
PubMed: 38018622
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0018 -
Gynecologic Oncology Feb 2021
Topics: Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 33500117
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.01.004 -
BMC Public Health Apr 2024Réunion Island is a French overseas territory located in the southern Indian Ocean, with a challenging socioeconomic and multicultural context. Compared to mainland...
BACKGROUND
Réunion Island is a French overseas territory located in the southern Indian Ocean, with a challenging socioeconomic and multicultural context. Compared to mainland France, Réunion has an overincidence and overmortality of cervical cancer. In order to investigate these two issues, it is important to evaluate the barriers and potential levers to Pap smear screening among female inhabitants of the island. We aimed to identify the specific socio-demographic factors, cultural factors, and living conditions associated with Pap smear screening in Réunion, with a view to increasing uptake.
METHODS
We conducted a Knowledge Attitude Behavior and Practices (KABP) survey on cervical cancer screening practices among women aged between 25 and 65 years old living in Réunion Island, selected using random digit dialing sampling. Data were collected using Computer Assistant Telephone Interviews. Weighted chi-squared tests and Student's t-tests were used to compare women who had up-to-date Pap smear screening with women who did not. Weighted logistic models were used to identify the factors associated with not having up-to-date screening.
RESULTS
A total of 1000 women were included in the study. Of these, 88.1% had a Pap smear test during the previous three years. Factors independently associated with not being up to date were as follows: aged over 55 (AOR 2.3 [1.2-4.3]), no children (AOR 2.5 [1.4-4.3]), having free universal health coverage (AOR 1.7 [1.1-2.7]), an income per unit consumption lower than 1500€ per month (AOR 2.0 [1.1-3.7]), low health literacy (AOR 2.7 [1.7-4.1]), not consulting a general practitioner in the prior 12 months (AOR 3.6 [2.0-6.5]), and a BMI > 30 (AOR 2.6 [1.5-4.4]).
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first large-scale survey focusing on recommended Pap smear screening uptake in Réunion Island. Although self-reported screening incidence was higher than in mainland France, national screening policies must take into account the island's diverse social and cultural characteristics (e.g., an ageing population, low health literacy), while implementing actions to fight against poverty and increase general access to healthcare.
Topics: Humans; Female; Papanicolaou Test; Middle Aged; Adult; Reunion; Aged; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Socioeconomic Factors; Early Detection of Cancer; France; Vaginal Smears; Cultural Characteristics
PubMed: 38654197
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18633-4 -
European Journal of Oncology Nursing :... Oct 2019To examine associations of health belief and health literacy with Pap smear practice among Asian immigrant women in South Korea.
PURPOSE
To examine associations of health belief and health literacy with Pap smear practice among Asian immigrant women in South Korea.
METHODS
This study used a descriptive, cross-sectional study design. A survey was conducted among 196 migrant women who were married to South Korean men, using a questionnaire translated into English, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean. Trained research assistants read the questionnaire and the participants gave their answers.
RESULTS
The most common birthplace of the immigrant women was Vietnam (43.0%), followed by China (12.2%) and the Philippines (5.6%). Of the participants, 76.5% answered that they had never had a Pap smear test. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age and functional health literacy were associated with Pap smear practice among Asian immigrant women. With a one-year increase in participants' age, Pap smear practice increased 1.15 times (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.23). Furthermore, with a one point increase in functional health literacy, Pap smear practice increased 1.18 times (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.37).
CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that more information about Pap smear tests should be provided to young immigrant women. Health providers should be made aware that Pap smear practice among young immigrant women might be infrequent and should actively recommend that they receive the tests. To improve Pap smear practice among immigrant women, it is also crucial for educational strategies to include functional health literacy. Nurses could play an important role in explaining and recommending the Pap smear test through communication with immigrant women.
Topics: Adult; Asian People; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Literacy; Humans; Marriage; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Philippines; Republic of Korea; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Vietnam; Young Adult
PubMed: 31446265
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.08.003 -
The European Journal of Contraception &... Jun 2022Although the stressful psychological impact on women of an abnormal Pap smear is well documented, little research has been undertaken on its sexual impact. Our objective...
OBJECTIVE
Although the stressful psychological impact on women of an abnormal Pap smear is well documented, little research has been undertaken on its sexual impact. Our objective was to assess the impact of an abnormal Pap smear on the sexual function of affected women.
METHODS
A prospective study compared the sexual function of 48 women with an abnormal Pap smear (case group) with that of 48 women with a normal Pap smear (control group). Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. The questionnaires were mailed to the participants.
RESULTS
Surprisingly, the risk of sexual dysfunction was comparable between women with and without an abnormal Pap smear (odds ratio [OR] 0.7; = 0.4). The OR remained statistically non-significant after adjustment for risk factors. Multivariable analysis showed that only older age at first intercourse, depression and anxiety were identified as factors significantly associated with sexual dysfunction.
CONCLUSION
Contrary to our clinical experience, female sexual function is not impaired by an abnormal Pap smear. Further research is needed to better understand how sexuality in women with abnormal Pap smears may be affected.
Topics: Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Prospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35102804
DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2021.2012759 -
Turk Patoloji Dergisi 2022To investigate the histopathological follow-up results in women diagnosed with endometrial cells in the Papanicolaou (Pap) test.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the histopathological follow-up results in women diagnosed with endometrial cells in the Papanicolaou (Pap) test.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Between January 2013 to December 2018, women with endometrial cells on the Pap test were searched from the hospital electronic database. The patients with endometrial cells on the Pap test who underwent further histopathological evaluation and who were followed-up for at least 1 year were enrolled in the study, while those who had a Pap test result other than endometrial cells, were lost during follow-up, or had missing data were excluded.
RESULTS
Out of 91,142 Pap smears, 121 (0.1%) cytologically had endometrial cells, and of those 65 cases were eligible for final analysis. The mean age of patients with premalignant/malignant lesions (57.7 ± 2.9) was higher than those with benign lesions (50.1 ± 0.7), with 77% of them in the postmenopausal period. Gynecologic premalignant/malignant lesions were detected in 9 (17.7%) patients including 2 (3.1%) endometrial hyperplasias and 7 (10.8%) endometrial cancers. The menopausal status (p=0.010) and being 50 years and older (p=0.002) were significantly associated with pre-neoplastic or neoplastic changes in patients with endometrial cells.
CONCLUSION
The presence of endometrial cells in Pap tests may be a harbinger of endometrial pathologies, especially at the age of 50 years and over. The menopausal status is another possible determinant in detecting endometrial carcinoma. Further investigation may be suggested in women aged ≥50 years and postmenopausal in the event of endometrial cell detection.
Topics: Adult; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Endometrial Neoplasms; Endometrium; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Precancerous Conditions; Retrospective Studies; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35147975
DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2022.01570 -
Annals of Clinical and Laboratory... Jul 2022Variables predicting outcome of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in pregnancy are unknown. The HSIL is usually managed conservatively during pregnancy....
OBJECTIVE
Variables predicting outcome of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in pregnancy are unknown. The HSIL is usually managed conservatively during pregnancy. We aim to assess morphological features of HSIL diagnosed during pregnancy and identify variables predicting HSIL outcome in pregnant and non-pregnant women.
METHODS
ThinPrep pap smears with HSIL in pregnant (2014-2019) and non-pregnant females (2017-2019) were identified. The pathology material from follow-up cervical samples was reviewed by two participating pathologists (TP and KS). Regression was defined as benign or residual low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Histological findings were recorded and compared between pregnant and non-pregnant cohort.
RESULTS
The HSIL regression rate was higher in colposcopic samples (16% vs. 0%; =0.05) and follow up excisions (27% vs. 23%) from pregnant cohort. Overall regression rate was higher in pregnant versus non-pregnant cohort (34% vs. 23%; =0.1). The stromal inflammation was prominent in biopsies from pregnant cohort (=0.02). Presence of CIN 2 (versus CIN 3) in non-pregnant cohort predicted HSIL regression (=0.04). The time to biopsy and excision (from pap smear) was significantly higher in pregnant cohort (=0.0001). HSIL histological features (nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, nuclear contour irregularity, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and mitosis) and HPV types were similar in both cohorts and did not predict regression.
CONCLUSION
The higher rate of benign findings during HSIL follow up in pregnancy is likely related to duration and stromal inflammation. HSIL regression is frequently noted following CIN2 diagnosis in non-pregnant setting. HSIL histology is similar in postpartum and non-pregnant females.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Papanicolaou Test; Pregnancy; Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
PubMed: 36197778
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the National Medical... Jun 2020This study assessed cervical cancer knowledge and examined its correlation with adherence to Pap smear guidelines.
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
This study assessed cervical cancer knowledge and examined its correlation with adherence to Pap smear guidelines.
METHODS
We carried out a cross-sectional survey in 141 undergraduate female college students. The response rate of the survey was 91.5%. Knowledge scores (0 - 4) were calculated based on students' answers to four items.
RESULTS
About 61.7% of the participants did not have annual checkups within a year, and 69% have never received Pap-test. Students who never received Pap-test mentioned procrastination (82%), lack of interest and fear as reasons for not practicing the behavior. About 92.9% of the students were not aware that the university student health service provides free Pap tests. More than double of annual checkup recipients undergone Pap test (33%) compared with those who did not have annual checkups (14.3%). Students who knew multi-partners sexual activity as a risk factor for cervical cancer had higher odds of receiving Pap test than those who didn't know the correlation between the number of sexual partner and the risk of cervical cancer [aOR= 2.87; 95% CI 1.07- 8.90]. Students with knowledge scores about cervical cancer risk factors and prevention methods at least a median had higher odds of receiving Pap test than those with knowledge scores lower than the median [aOR=6.49; 95% CI 2.8 - 14.7]. The increase in receipt of Pap test was associated with an increase in the level of knowledge about risk factors of cervical cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
This study confirmed a correlation of the receipt of Pap test with knowing the causes and prevention mechanisms of cervical cancer. Adequate knowledge about cervical cancer causes, and prevention/control strategies may help to improve adherence to Pap smear testing in college students.
Topics: Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Florida; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Universities; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 32291069
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.03.007 -
BMC Women's Health Feb 2022Nigeria has a low uptake of cervical cancer screening and is one of the five countries that represent over half of the global burden of deaths from cervical cancer....
INTRODUCTION
Nigeria has a low uptake of cervical cancer screening and is one of the five countries that represent over half of the global burden of deaths from cervical cancer. Social marketing principles can be used to design and implement interventions to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening. This study assessed the effect of a social marketing intervention on the knowledge, attitude, and uptake of pap smear among women residing in an urban slum in Lagos State, Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a quasi-experimental study. The intervention arm consisted of 140 women recruited from Ago-Egun Bariga community and the control arm consisted of 175 women recruited from Oto-Ilogbo extension community. Social marketing intervention was instituted in the intervention group. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 and Stata version 16.0. Between groups comparisons and within groups comparisons were done using bivariate analysis with Chisquare, Students t test and Paired t test as appropriate.
RESULTS
In both the intervention and control groups, the mean knowledge score of cervical cancer was low at baseline (0.0 ± 0.3 and 0.1 ± 0.9 respectively). In the intervention group, there was a significant increase in mean knowledge score to 15.1 ± 3.7, post-intervention (p < 0.001). In both groups, the mean attitude score of cervical cancer was low at baseline (27.1 ± 0.8 in the intervention group and 27.2 ± 1.4 in the control group). In the intervention group, there was a significant increase in mean attitude score to 36.5 ± 4.8, post-intervention (p < 0.001). In both the intervention and control groups, uptake of pap smear was low at baseline (0.0% and 0.6%, respectively). In the intervention group, there was a significant increase in uptake of pap smear to 84.3%, post-intervention (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant change in knowledge, attitude or uptake of pap smear in the control group, post-intervention.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrated that social marketing intervention can be successful in improving knowledge, attitude, and also the uptake of pap smear, even in settings where these are abysmally low. It is recommended that social marketing intervention be employed as a strategy for improving cervical cancer screening among women residing in slums.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Mass Screening; Nigeria; Papanicolaou Test; Poverty Areas; Social Marketing; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35164717
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01620-5 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Dec 2018Background: Knowledge of cervical cancer and performance of Pap smear testing are influenced by several sociodemographic factors. This study aimed to describe the effect...
Background: Knowledge of cervical cancer and performance of Pap smear testing are influenced by several sociodemographic factors. This study aimed to describe the effect of relevant variables on knowledge and compliance with guidelines in Oman. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, participants were divided into three groups: patients who attended Outpatient Gynecology Department, female medical staff and university graduate students. Results: There were 204 outpatients, 133 staff, and 157 students. Adequate knowledge among was seen in 38.7%, 35.3%, and 7.6%, respectively. Knowledge of cervical cancer and Pap smear was significantly lower among outpatients with secondary education, while those with high level of income were more likely to have adequate cancer knowledge. Uptake of Pap smear was significantly greater among outpatients aged ≥ 30 years, with high income and a positive history of cancer. Conclusion: Culturally tailored interventions that focus on improving cancer risk knowledge are needed to maximize screening uptake for cervical cancer.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Knowledge; Mass Screening; Oman; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Compliance; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 30583342
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2018.19.12.3367