-
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Nov 2022Papiliotrema laurentii, previously classified as Cryptococcus laurentii, is an oleaginous yeast that has been isolated from soil, plants, and agricultural and industrial... (Review)
Review
Papiliotrema laurentii, previously classified as Cryptococcus laurentii, is an oleaginous yeast that has been isolated from soil, plants, and agricultural and industrial residues. This variety of habitats reflects the diversity of carbon sources that it can metabolize, including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, glycerol, organic acids, and oils. Compared to other oleaginous yeasts, such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Rhodotorula toruloides, there is little information regarding its genetic and physiological characteristics. From a biotechnological point of view, P. laurentii can produce surfactants, enzymes, and high concentrations of lipids, which can be used as feedstock for fatty acid-derived products. Moreover, it can be applied for the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi, contributing to quality maintenance in post- and pre-harvest fruits. It can also improve mycorrhizal colonization, nitrogen nutrition, and plant growth. P. laurentii is also capable of degrading polyester and diesel derivatives and acting in the bioremediation of heavy metals. In this review, we present the current knowledge about the basic and applied aspects of P. laurentii, underscoring its biotechnological potential and future perspectives. KEY POINTS: • The physiological characteristics of P. laurentii confer a wide range of biotechnological applications. • The regulation of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase in P. laurentii is different from most other oleaginous yeasts. • The GEM is a valuable tool to guide the construction of engineered P. laurentii strains with improved features for bio-based products.
Topics: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Glycerol; Yarrowia; Fatty Acids; Nitrogen; Carbon; Oils; Soil; Monosaccharides; Surface-Active Agents; Polyesters
PubMed: 36197457
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12208-2 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Nov 2020, formerly , is typically isolated from environmental sources, but also occasionally from clinical specimens. Other close relatives may be misidentified as by... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
, formerly , is typically isolated from environmental sources, but also occasionally from clinical specimens. Other close relatives may be misidentified as by phenotypic methods. usually lacks melanin; however, melanin-forming strains have also been isolated. Although melanin production by encapsulated budding yeasts is considered a major virulence factor, the comparative pathogenicity of melanin-forming and non-melanized environmental strains of has rarely been studied. We performed phenotypic and molecular identification and determined the genotypic heterogeneity among isolates. We also studied the pathogenicity of melanin-forming and non-melanized strains in normal and immunosuppressed mice. Eleven environmental isolates were tested for their identity by Vitek2 and/or ID32C systems, and by PCR-sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and D1/D2 domains of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Genotypic heterogeneity was studied by sequence comparisons. The pathogenicity of melanized and non-melanized strains was studied in intravenously infected normal and immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Phenotypic methods identified seven of the environmental isolates, while PCR-sequencing of the ITS region and D1/D2 domains of rDNA detected two and five isolates, respectively, as . Sequence comparisons demonstrated genotypic heterogeneity among . The remaining four environmental isolates yielded expected results. None of the normal mice infected with 10 cells of melanized/non-melanized strains died. Infection of immunosuppressed mice with 10 cells caused higher mortality with non-melanized , while viable counts in brain/lung tissue were higher in mice infected with a melanized strain and were detectable for up to 14 days. Phenotypic methods lacked specificity, but PCR-sequencing of D1/D2 domains correctly identified and sequence comparisons demonstrated the genotypic heterogeneity of the isolates. Both melanized and non-melanized strains at a higher dose caused mortality in immunosuppressed mice and persisted in brain/lung tissue up to 14 days post-infection.
Topics: Animals; Basidiomycota; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Intergenic; Environmental Microbiology; Female; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Immunocompromised Host; Melanins; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mycological Typing Techniques; Mycoses; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32945764
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001254 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022Icariin is the most effective bioactive compound in Herba Epimedii. To enhance the content of icariin in the epimedium water extract, a novel strain, ZJU-L07, producing...
Icariin is the most effective bioactive compound in Herba Epimedii. To enhance the content of icariin in the epimedium water extract, a novel strain, ZJU-L07, producing an intracellular α-L-rhamnosidase was isolated from the soil and mutagenized. The specific activity of α-L-rhamnosidase was 29.89 U·mg through purification, and the molecular mass of the enzyme was 100 kDa, as assayed by SDS-PAGE. The characterization of the purified enzyme was determined. The optimal temperature and pH were 55 °C and 7.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range 5.5-9.0 for 2 h over 80% and the temperature range 30-40 °C for 2 h more than 70%. The enzyme activity was inhibited by Ca, Fe, Cu, and Mg, especially Fe. The kinetic parameters of and were 1.38 mM and 24.64 μmol·mg·min using pNPR as the substrate, respectively. When epimedin C was used as a nature substrate to determine the kinetic parameters of α-L-rhamnosidase, the values of and were 3.28 mM and 0.01 μmol·mg·min, respectively. The conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis were optimized through single factor experiments and response surface methodology. The icariin yield increased from 61% to over 83% after optimization. The enzymatic hydrolysis method could be used for the industrialized production of icariin. At the same time, this enzyme could also cleave the α-1,2 glycosidic linkage between glucoside and rhamnoside in naringin and neohesperidin, which could be applicable in other biotechnological processes.
PubMed: 35736128
DOI: 10.3390/jof8060644 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 2024Given the multitude of extracellular enzymes at their disposal, many of which are designed to degrade nature's polymers (lignin, cutin, cellulose, etc.), fungi are adept...
Given the multitude of extracellular enzymes at their disposal, many of which are designed to degrade nature's polymers (lignin, cutin, cellulose, etc.), fungi are adept at targeting synthetic polyesters with similar chemical composition. Microbial-influenced deterioration of xenobiotic polymeric surfaces is an area of interest for material scientists as these are important for the conservation of the underlying structural materials. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of the 5307AH () cutinase, Plcut1. is basidiomycete yeast with the ability to disperse Impranil-DLN (Impranil), a colloidal polyester polyurethane, in agar plates. To test whether the fungal factor involved in this clearing was a secreted enzyme, we screened the ability of culture supernatants to disperse Impranil. Using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), we isolated fractions that contained Impranil-clearing activity. These fractions harbored a single ~22 kD band, which was excised and subjected to peptide sequencing. Homology searches using the peptide sequences identified, revealed that the protein Papla1 543643 (Plcut1) displays similarities to serine esterase and cutinase family of proteins. Biochemical assays using recombinant Plcut1 confirmed that this enzyme has the capability to hydrolyze Impranil, soluble esterase substrates, and apple cutin. Finally, we confirmed the presence of the Plcut1 in culture supernatants using a custom antibody that specifically recognizes this protein. The work shown here supports a major role for the Plcut1 in the fungal degradation of natural polyesters and xenobiotic polymer surfaces.IMPORTANCEFungi play a vital role in the execution of a broad range of biological processes that drive ecosystem function through production of a diverse arsenal of enzymes. However, the universal reactivity of these enzymes is a current problem for the built environment and the undesired degradation of polymeric materials in protective coatings. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a hydrolase from 5307AH, an aircraft-derived fungal isolate found colonizing a biodeteriorated polymer-coated surface. We show that secretes a cutinase capable of hydrolyzing soluble esters as well as ester-based compounds forming solid surface coatings. These findings indicate that this fungus plays a significant role in biodeterioration through the production of a cutinase adept at degrading ester-based polymers, some of which form the backbone of protective surface coatings. The work shown here provides insights into the mechanisms employed by fungi to degrade xenobiotic polymers.
Topics: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Fungal Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Polyesters; Hydrolysis
PubMed: 38624219
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01694-23 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease of worldwide distribution, caused by encapsulated yeasts belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota. The genus includes several...
Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease of worldwide distribution, caused by encapsulated yeasts belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota. The genus includes several species distributed around the world. The / species complex is largely responsible for most cases of cryptococcosis. However, clinical series have been published of infections caused by () and (), among other related genera. Here, we examined the pathogenic potential and antifungal susceptibility of / species complex (clades I and II) and related genera ( and ) isolated from environmental and clinical samples. . (clade III), . (clade IV) and /. (clade V) strains produced higher levels of phospholipase and hemolysins, whereas the / species complex strains (clades I and II) had markedly thicker capsules, produced more biofilm biomass and melanin, which are known virulence attributes. Interestingly, 40% of . strains (clade II) had MICs above the ECV established for this species to amphotericin B. Several non-/ species complex (clades III to V) had MICs equal to or above the ECVs established for and for all the three antifungal drugs tested. Finally, all the non- clinical isolates (clades III to V) produced more melanin than the environmental isolates might reflect their particularly enhanced need for melanin during protection. It is very clear that / species complex (clades I and II) strains, in general, show more similar virulence phenotypes between each other when compared to non-/ species complex (clades III to V) isolates. These observations together with the fact that . and spp. (clades III to V) strains were collected from the outside of a University Hospital, identify features of these yeasts important for environmental and patient colonization and furthermore, define mechanisms for infections with these uncommon pathogens.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Basidiomycota; Cryptococcus gattii; Cryptococcus neoformans; Humans; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34277464
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.642658 -
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Nov 2023Biodiesel is an interesting alternative to petroleum diesel as it is renewable, biodegradable, and has a low pollutant content. Yeast oils can be used for biodiesel...
Biodiesel is an interesting alternative to petroleum diesel as it is renewable, biodegradable, and has a low pollutant content. Yeast oils can be used for biodiesel production instead of edible oils, mitigating the use of arable land and water for biodiesel production. Maximum lipid accumulation is reached at 48 h of cultivation by the oleaginous yeast Papiliotrema laurentii UFV-1. Nevertheless, the effects of carbon and nitrogen concentrations on lipid accumulation, as well as the regulation of lipid metabolism in this yeast are still not well-characterised. Therefore, this work evaluated the effects of carbon and nitrogen concentrations on the lipid accumulation in P. laurentti, the expression of the ACC gene, and the activity of the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) in different carbon:nitrogen ratios (C:N) and glucose concentrations. The variation of ammonium sulfate concentration did not affect the growth and lipid accumulation in P. laurentii UFV-1. On the other hand, glucose concentration remarkably influenced biomass and lipid production by this yeast. Therefore, the carbon concentration is more important than the nitrogen concentration for lipid production by P. laurentii UFV-1. Importantly, the levels of both ACC gene expression and ACCase activity were maximum during the late-exponential growth phase and decreased after reaching the highest lipid contents, which was easier evidenced during the accumulation and maximum lipid levels. As such, the reduction of ACCase enzyme activity seems to be related to the decrease in the expression level of the ACC gene.
PubMed: 37676572
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01874-5 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Nov 2023This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the soil yeasts Papiliotrema laurentii S-08 and Saitozyma podzolica S-77 for plant growth promotion (PGP) and biocontrol of...
AIM
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the soil yeasts Papiliotrema laurentii S-08 and Saitozyma podzolica S-77 for plant growth promotion (PGP) and biocontrol of wilt disease in brinjal plants while applying yeasts individually or as a consortium in pot experiments.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The yeasts were tested for various PGP characteristics and antagonistic activity against the phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melongenae. Both the yeast isolates demonstrated some PGP attributes as well as inhibited the growth of the phytopathogen. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the yeast metabolites revealed the presence of several antifungal compounds. The pot experiment performed under nursery conditions showed that applying these yeasts, individually or in consortium, decreased the percent disease incidence in brinjal seedlings while significantly enhancing their growth parameters.
CONCLUSION
Papiliotrema laurentii S-08 and S. podzolica S-77 can be used in brinjal plants as plant growth promoters and also as biocontrol agents against the brinjal wilt disease.
Topics: Solanum melongena; Fusarium; Soil; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Plants; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37930719
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad252 -
Micron (Oxford, England : 1993) Sep 2019Stress response due to the lack of essential nutrient(s) for an organism has been a focal point of several scientific investigations. The present study investigates the...
Stress response due to the lack of essential nutrient(s) for an organism has been a focal point of several scientific investigations. The present study investigates the cellular adaptations behind the ability of Papiliotrema laurentii strain RY1 to perpetuate without added nitrogen and propagate robustly in growth- limiting amount of nitrogen. We executed phenotypic (using scanning electron microscopy, differential interference contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy), microbiological and computational analyses to show multiple responses of dimorphism, capsule formation and autophagy as a survival strategy by the yeast upon nitrogen starvation. The roles of phosphomannose isomerase, phosphomannomutase and several autophagy-related transcripts aiding in such a response have been discussed.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Autophagy; Basidiomycota; Culture Media; Fungal Capsules; Hyphae; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nitrogen
PubMed: 31265985
DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102708 -
Journal of Basic Microbiology Oct 2019Heavy metals such as lead, chromium, and metalloid like arsenic dominate the pinnacle in posing a threat to life. Being environment-friendly, elucidating the mechanism...
Heavy metals such as lead, chromium, and metalloid like arsenic dominate the pinnacle in posing a threat to life. Being environment-friendly, elucidating the mechanism by which microorganisms detoxify such elements has always been an active field of research hitherto. In the present study, we have investigated the capability of nitrogen-deprived Papiliotrema laurentii strain RY1 toward enhanced tolerance and neutralizing toxic elements. There were biosorption and bioprecipitation of lead and chromium at the cell surfaces. Bioprecipitation mechanisms included the formation of lead phosphates and pyromorphites from lead, grimaldite from chromium. Transcripts such as metallothionein, aquaporins, and arsenical pump-driving ATPase have been surmised to be involved in the detoxification of elements. Furthermore, activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms for the cells for each of the elements should contribute towards yeast's propagation. The efficiency of removal of elements for live cells and immobilized cells were high for lead and chromium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such high tolerance of lead, arsenic, and chromium for any yeast. The yeast showed such varied response under dual stress due to nitrogen starvation and in the presence of respective elements. The yeast possesses promising potentials in nitrogen deprived and enriched environments to aid in bioremediation sectors.
Topics: Antioxidants; Arsenic; Basidiomycota; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biological Transport; Cadmium; Environmental Pollutants; Gene Expression; Inactivation, Metabolic; Lead; Metallothionein; Metals, Heavy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrogen
PubMed: 31430397
DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900222 -
G3 (Bethesda, Md.) Dec 2021Papiliotrema terrestris strain LS28 is a biocontrol agent selected for its antagonistic activity against several plant pathogens both in the field and postharvest. The...
Papiliotrema terrestris strain LS28 is a biocontrol agent selected for its antagonistic activity against several plant pathogens both in the field and postharvest. The availability of a genome sequencing sets the foundation for the identification of the genetic mechanisms of its antagonistic activity. The genome size is 21.29 Mbp with a G+C content of 58.65%, and genome annotation predicts 8,626 protein-encoding genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on whole-genome data confirms that P. terrestris is a Tremellomycetes more closely related to Papiliotrema flavescens than Papiliotrema laurentii.
Topics: Basidiomycota; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Phylogeny; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 34534326
DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab332