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International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023Obesity and obesity-associated disorders pose a major public health issue worldwide. Apart from conventional weight loss drugs, next-generation probiotics (NGPs) seem to... (Review)
Review
Obesity and obesity-associated disorders pose a major public health issue worldwide. Apart from conventional weight loss drugs, next-generation probiotics (NGPs) seem to be very promising as potential preventive and therapeutic agents against obesity. Candidate NGPs such as , , and have shown promise in preclinical models of obesity and obesity-associated disorders. Proposed mechanisms include the modulation of gut flora and amelioration of intestinal dysbiosis, improvement of intestinal barrier function, reduction in chronic low-grade inflammation and modulation of gut peptide secretion. and have already been administered in overweight/obese patients with encouraging results. However, safety issues and strict regulations should be constantly implemented and updated. In this review, we aim to explore (1) current knowledge regarding NGPs; (2) their utility in obesity and obesity-associated disorders; (3) their safety profile; and (4) their therapeutic potential in individuals with overweight/obesity. More large-scale, multicentric and longitudinal studies are mandatory to explore their preventive and therapeutic potential against obesity and its related disorders.
Topics: Humans; Overweight; Obesity; Probiotics; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation
PubMed: 37047729
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076755 -
Nature Communications Jun 2023Large temperature difference is reported to be a risk factor for human health. However, little evidence has reported the effects of temperature fluctuation on...
Large temperature difference is reported to be a risk factor for human health. However, little evidence has reported the effects of temperature fluctuation on sarcopenia, a senile disease characterized by loss of muscle mass and function. Here, we demonstrate that higher diurnal temperature range in humans has a positive correlation with the prevalence of sarcopenia. Fluctuated temperature exposure (10-25 °C) accelerates muscle atrophy and dampens exercise performance in mid-aged male mice. Interestingly, fluctuated temperature alters the microbiota composition with increased levels of Parabacteroides_distasonis, Duncaniella_dubosii and decreased levels of Candidatus_Amulumruptor, Roseburia, Eubacterium. Transplantation of fluctuated temperature-shaped microbiota replays the adverse effects on muscle function. Mechanically, we find that altered microbiota increases circulating aminoadipic acid, a lysine degradation product. Aminoadipic acid damages mitochondrial function through inhibiting mitophagy in vitro. And Eubacterium supplementation alleviates muscle atrophy and dysfunction induced by fluctuated temperature. Our results uncover the detrimental impact of fluctuated temperature on muscle function and provide a new clue for gut-muscle axis.
Topics: Humans; Male; Animals; Mice; Middle Aged; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Sarcopenia; Temperature; Muscular Atrophy; Microbiota; Eubacterium
PubMed: 37311782
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39171-4 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as impaired glucose tolerance recognized during pregnancy. GDM is associated with metabolic disorder phenotypes, such as... (Review)
Review
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as impaired glucose tolerance recognized during pregnancy. GDM is associated with metabolic disorder phenotypes, such as obesity, low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance. Following delivery, nearly half of the women with a history of GDM have persistent postpartum glucose intolerance and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as much as 7-fold. The alarming upward trend may worsen the socioeconomic burden worldwide. Accumulating evidence strongly associates gut microbiota dysbiosis in women with GDM, similar to the T2DM profile. Several metagenomics studies have shown gut microbiota, such as Ruminococcaceae, , and , were enriched in women with GDM. These microbiota populations are associated with metabolic pathways for carbohydrate metabolism and insulin signaling, suggesting a potential "gut microbiota signature" in women with GDM. Furthermore, elevated expression of serum zonulin, a marker of gut epithelial permeability, during early pregnancy in women with GDM indicates a possible link between gut microbiota and GDM. Nevertheless, few studies have revealed discrepant results, and the interplay between gut microbiota dysbiosis and host metabolism in women with GDM is yet to be elucidated. Lifestyle modification and pharmacological treatment with metformin showed evidence of modulation of gut microbiota and proved to be beneficial to maintain glucose homeostasis in T2DM. Nonetheless, post-GDM women have poor compliance toward lifestyle modification after delivery, and metformin treatment remains controversial as a T2DM preventive strategy. We hypothesized modulation of the composition of gut microbiota with probiotics supplementation may reverse postpartum glucose intolerance in post-GDM women. In this review, we addressed gut microbiota dysbiosis and the possible mechanistic links between the host and gut microbiota in women with GDM. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential therapeutic use of probiotics in post-GDM women as a T2DM preventive strategy.
Topics: Bacteroidetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Pregnancy
PubMed: 32500037
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00188 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2020Cumulative evidence shows a linkage between gut microbiota pattern and depression through the brain-gut microbiome axis. The aim of this systematic review was to...
Cumulative evidence shows a linkage between gut microbiota pattern and depression through the brain-gut microbiome axis. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the alterations of the gut microbiota patterns in people with depression compared to healthy controls. A comprehensive literature search of human studies, published between January 2000 and June 2019, was reviewed. The key words included gastrointestinal microbiome, gut microbiome, microbiota, depression, depressive symptoms, and depressive disorder. The systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Nine articles met the eligibility criteria. Disparities in α-diversity and β-diversity of the microbiota existed in people with depression compared to healthy controls. At the phylum level, there were inconsistencies in the abundance of , , . However, high abundance in and phyla were observed in people with depression. On the family level, high abundance of , , , , , , , , , , , , , low abundance of , , , , , , and were observed in people with depression. On the genus level, high abundance of , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and low abundance of , , , , , , , and were found in people with depression. Alteration of gut microbiome patterns was evident in people with depression. Further evidence is warranted to allow for the translation of microbiome findings toward innovative clinical strategies that may improve treatment outcomes in people with depression.
PubMed: 32587537
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00541 -
Gut Feb 2019The medicinal fungus and its anamorph have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine for their immunomodulatory properties. Alterations of the gut...
OBJECTIVE
The medicinal fungus and its anamorph have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine for their immunomodulatory properties. Alterations of the gut microbiota have been described in obesity and type 2 diabetes. We examined the possibility that mycelium (HSM) and isolated fractions containing polysaccharides may prevent diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota.
DESIGN
High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were treated with HSM or fractions containing polysaccharides of different molecular weights. The effects of HSM and polysaccharides on the gut microbiota were assessed by horizontal faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), antibiotic treatment and 16S rDNA-based microbiota analysis.
RESULTS
Fraction H1 containing high-molecular weight polysaccharides (>300 kDa) considerably reduced body weight gain (∼50% reduction) and metabolic disorders in HFD-fed mice. These effects were associated with increased expression of thermogenesis protein markers in adipose tissues, enhanced gut integrity, reduced intestinal and systemic inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that H1 polysaccharides selectively promoted the growth of , a commensal bacterium whose level was reduced in HFD-fed mice. FMT combined with antibiotic treatment showed that neomycin-sensitive gut bacteria negatively correlated with obesity traits and were required for H1's anti-obesogenic effects. Notably, oral treatment of HFD-fed mice with live reduced obesity and was associated with increased adipose tissue thermogenesis, enhanced intestinal integrity and reduced levels of inflammation and insulin resistance.
CONCLUSIONS
HSM polysaccharides and the gut bacterium represent novel prebiotics and probiotics that may be used to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Animals; Ascomycota; Bacteroidetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Fat; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Fungal Polysaccharides; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Insulin Resistance; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Molecular Weight; Obesity; Prebiotics; Symbiosis
PubMed: 30007918
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315458 -
Chemosphere Apr 2020Environmental pollution caused by plastics has become a public health problem. However, the effect of microplastics on gut microbiota, inflammation development and their...
Environmental pollution caused by plastics has become a public health problem. However, the effect of microplastics on gut microbiota, inflammation development and their underlying mechanisms are not well characterized. In the present study, we assessed the effect of exposure to different amounts of polyethylene microplastics (6, 60, and 600 μg/day for 5 consecutive weeks) in a C57BL/6 mice model. Treatment with a high concentration of microplastics increased the numbers of gut microbial species, bacterial abundance, and flora diversity. Feeding groups showed a significant increase in Staphylococcus abundance alongside a significant decrease in Parabacteroides abundance, as compared to the blank (untreated) group. In addition, serum levels of interleukin-1α in all feeding groups were significantly greater than that in the blank group. Of note, treatment with microplastics decreased the percentage of Th17 and Treg cells among CD4 cells, while no significant difference was observed between the blank and treatment groups with respect to the Th17/Treg cell ratio. The intestine (colon and duodenum) of mice fed high-concentration microplastics showed obvious inflammation and higher TLR4, AP-1, and IRF5 expression. Thus, polyethylene microplastics can induce intestinal dysbacteriosis and inflammation, which provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of microplastics-related diseases.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Colon; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Intestines; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microplastics; Polyethylene
PubMed: 31809927
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125492 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2019Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome defined by weight loss, muscle wasting, and systemic inflammation. It affects the majority of patients with advanced cancer... (Review)
Review
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome defined by weight loss, muscle wasting, and systemic inflammation. It affects the majority of patients with advanced cancer and is associated with poor treatment response, early mortality and decreased quality of life. The microbiota has been implicated in cancer cachexia through pathways of systemic inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction and muscle wasting. The imbalance of the microbiota, known as dysbiosis, has been shown to influence cancer cachexia. Bacteria that play beneficial and detrimental roles in the disease pathogenesis have been identified. The phenotype of cancer cachexia is associated with decreased levels of and increased levels of and . Currently, there are no treatment options that demonstrate increased survival or the quality of life in patients suffering from cancer cachexia. Through the manipulation of beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota, different treatment options have been explored. Prebiotics and probiotics have been shown to improve outcomes in animal models of cachexia. Expounding on this mechanism, fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) holds promise for a future treatment of cancer cachexia. Further research is necessary to address this detrimental disease process and improve the lives of patients suffering from cancer cachexia.
Topics: Animals; Cachexia; Disease Susceptibility; Dysbiosis; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Microbiota; Neoplasms; Probiotics
PubMed: 31842339
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246267 -
Gut Microbes 2023The gut microbiota is involved in the production of numerous metabolites that maintain host wellbeing. The assembly of the gut microbiome is highly dynamic, and...
The gut microbiota is involved in the production of numerous metabolites that maintain host wellbeing. The assembly of the gut microbiome is highly dynamic, and influenced by many postnatal factors, moreover, little is known about the development of the gut metabolome. We showed that geography has an important influence on the microbiome dynamics in the first year of life based on two independent cohorts from China and Sweden. Major compositional differences since birth were the high relative abundance of in the Swedish cohort and in the Chinese cohort. We analyzed the development of the fecal metabolome in the first year of life in the Chinese cohort. Lipid metabolism, especially acylcarnitines and bile acids, was the most abundant metabolic pathway in the newborn gut. Delivery mode and feeding induced particular differences in the gut metabolome since birth. In contrast to C-section newborns, medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines were abundant at newborn age only in vaginally delivered infants, associated by the presence of bacteria such as and . Our data provide a basis for understanding the maturation of the fecal metabolome and the metabolic role of gut microbiota in infancy.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant; China; Bile Acids and Salts; Amino Acids; Sweden; Bacteroides; Streptococcus; Feces; Lipid Metabolism; Feeding Behavior; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Pregnancy; Cesarean Section; Longitudinal Studies; Male
PubMed: 37424334
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2231596 -
Microorganisms Aug 2023levels are reported to be low in obese individuals, and this genus has shown an anti-obesity capacity in animal studies. Nevertheless, the relationship between and...
levels are reported to be low in obese individuals, and this genus has shown an anti-obesity capacity in animal studies. Nevertheless, the relationship between and obesity in different subpopulations, e.g., with respect to age and sex, and its association with subsequent weight change have rarely been explored. The cross-sectional associations of genus- and species-level abundance with obesity were explored in the Guangdong Gut Microbiome Project (GGMP), which included 5843 adults, and replicated in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNSH), which included 1637 individuals. Furthermore, we assessed the prospective associations of and its main abundance with the subsequent changes in body mass index (BMI) in the GNSH. We found that was inversely associated with obesity among females and participants aged 40-69 years in the GGMP and the replicated cohort in the GNSH. After a 3-year follow-up, there was no significant correlation between and the subsequent changes in BMI. However, () showed a negative correlation with subsequent BMI changes in the female and middle-aged (40-69 years) subpopulations. Overall, our results indicate that have an inverse relationship with obesity and that () have a negative association with subsequent changes in BMI among females and middle-aged populations in perspective analyses.
PubMed: 37630647
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082087 -
Theranostics 2020Activation of the thermogenic program in white and brown adipocytes presents a promising avenue for increasing energy expenditure during the treatment of obesity. The...
Activation of the thermogenic program in white and brown adipocytes presents a promising avenue for increasing energy expenditure during the treatment of obesity. The endogenous mechanism for promoting thermogenesis in brown adipocytes or browning in white adipocytes has indicated that the gut microbiota is a crucial regulator of the host energy balance. However, whether the effects of the therapeutic intervention-induced modulation of the gut microbiota on adipocyte browning involved the regulation of leptin remains unclear. The adipose features were analyzed by body composition analysis, infrared camera observations, transmission electron microscopy and H&E staining. The gene and protein expression in adipose tissue were detected by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The gut microbiome signature was identified by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and both mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) and mice with antibiotics-induced microbiome depletion were subjected to fecal microbiota transplantation. Treatment with saponins (PNS) shaped the murine gut microbiome by increasing the abundances of and , and as a result, DIO mice harbored a distal gut microbiota with a significantly increased capacity to reduce host adiposity. The PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota in DIO mice could increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and beige adipocyte reconstruction by activating the leptin-AMPK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which results in the promotion of energy expenditure. Leptin has an essential influence on the anti-obesity effects of PNS. In cases of leptin deficiency, the PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota exerts negative effects on thermogenesis and browning in white adipose tissue (WAT), which indicates that PNS fail to reduce obesity in leptin gene-deficient mice. The PNS-induced modulation of the gut microbiota exerted a minimal effect on DIO mice with antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion, which confirmed the correlation between altered gut microbiota and the remodeling of adipose tissues in DIO mice. The direct influence of leptin on browning the AMPKα/STAT3 signaling pathway in C3H101/2 cells supported our results that signalling through the leptin-AMPK/STAT3 pathway induced by the PNS-modulated gut microbiota was involved in beige adipocyte reconstruction. : Our results revealed that leptin signaling is critical for alterations in microbiota-fat crosstalk and provide promising avenues for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of obesity.
Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Adipocytes, Beige; Adipose Tissue, White; Akkermansia; Animals; Bacteroidetes; Body Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Leptin; Male; Mice; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Panax notoginseng; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Saponins; Signal Transduction; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 33042284
DOI: 10.7150/thno.47746