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Chemosphere Oct 2015Concerns about the high production volumes, persistency, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixtures, especially short-chain CPs... (Review)
Review
Concerns about the high production volumes, persistency, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixtures, especially short-chain CPs (SCCPs), are rising. However, information on their levels and fate in the environment is still insufficient, impeding international classifications and regulations. This knowledge gap is mainly due to the difficulties that arise with CP analysis, in particular the chromatographic separation within CPs and between CPs and other compounds. No fully validated routine analytical method is available yet and only semi-quantitative analysis is possible, although the number of studies reporting new and improved methods have rapidly increased since 2010. Better cleanup procedures that remove interfering compounds, and new instrumental techniques, which distinguish between medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) and SCCPs, have been developed. While gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture negative ionisation mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) remains the most commonly applied technique, novel and promising use of high resolution time of flight MS (TOF-MS) has also been reported. We expect that recent developments in high resolution TOF-MS and Orbitrap technologies will further improve the detection of CPs, including long-chain CPs (LCCPs), and the group separation and quantification of CP homologues. Also, new CP quantification methods have emerged, including the use of mathematical algorithms, multiple linear regression and principal component analysis. These quantification advancements are also reflected in considerably improved interlaboratory agreements since 2010. Analysis of lower chlorinated paraffins (
Topics: Chromatography, Gas; Environment; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Mass Spectrometry; Paraffin; Principal Component Analysis
PubMed: 26042608
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.045 -
Archives of Physical Medicine and... Jan 2020To examine if range of motion of the shoulder treated with paraffin will be better than that of the shoulder treated with sustained stretch alone. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
To examine if range of motion of the shoulder treated with paraffin will be better than that of the shoulder treated with sustained stretch alone.
DESIGN
Pilot randomized controlled trial.
SETTING
Regional burn center.
PARTICIPANTS
Patients (N=23) who sustained a burn injury, with a shoulder active abduction and/or flexion in the +70° to +150° degree range, who were 14 years or older, were receiving follow-up physical therapy after discharge from hospital, and provided a signed consent to participate.
INTERVENTIONS
Group A received sustained stretch and paraffin, and group B received sustained stretch only. Both groups had 6 sessions of treatment over 2 weeks.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Active range of motion (AROM) and active-assisted range of motion (AAROM) for shoulder flexion (SF) and shoulder abduction (SA) were measured before and after each treatment session.
RESULTS
For pretreatment measurements, only the results for SF AAROM had significant time effects. For posttreatment measurements, SF AROM and SF AAROM had significant effects for time. Session 1 was significantly lower than sessions 2, 3, 4, and 6 for both measures, and additionally, session 1 was significantly lower than session 5 for SF AAROM. For SA AROM, a group-by-time interaction effect was significant, with scores for the paraffin group relatively stable across sessions, and the nonparaffin group had peaks at sessions 3 and 6. There were no significant effects for (1) within-session changes to examine improvement during a session or (2) presession scores across the 6 sessions showing maintenance of motion. Total change from the first session presession measurement to the sixth session postsession measurement for the 2 treatment groups were nonsignificantly different.
CONCLUSIONS
As shown in this study, sustained stretching with paraffin may be a valuable adjunct to range of motion intervention for the shoulder after burn injury.
Topics: Adult; Contracture; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Stretching Exercises; Pain Measurement; Paraffin; Physical Therapy Modalities; Pilot Projects; Range of Motion, Articular; Shoulder Joint; Trauma Severity Indices
PubMed: 31562875
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.08.482 -
Chemosphere Jan 2022Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are chemicals with multipurpose applications. Their global production has increased despite their adverse impacts on the environment and... (Review)
Review
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are chemicals with multipurpose applications. Their global production has increased despite their adverse impacts on the environment and human health. In 2017, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention. Yet, specific exemptions were granted for their applications despite the recycling prohibition for products containing SCCPs. Therefore, we aimed to produce the first Brazilian inventory of SCCPs following its respective guidance to evaluate the applicability of the SCCP inventory guidance and to provide technical insights regarding SCCPs in the update of the Brazilian National Implementation Plan (NIP). Moreover, we performed a review of SCCP occurrence in Brazil to fulfil data gaps in the inventory development. We identified and consulted nationwide stakeholders and assessed foreign trade data of CPs and products that might contain CPs in relevant amounts. The Brazilian production of CPs was discontinued in 1994. However, CPs are still imported and used in the country. CPs have been mostly applied as plasticizers, flame retardants and lubricants in Brazil. The import of products containing CPs also pose a significant route of CP entrance into Brazil. Thus, the current end-of-life management of CP-containing products is a bottleneck towards the Convention implementation. The guidance application was feasible and useful despite the low engagement of stakeholders. To assess foreign trade of CPs and CP-containing products, we recommend the use of more specific tracking codes. Besides, the review of SCCP occurrence is not a demanded part for an inventory but was a useful complementation.
Topics: Brazil; China; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin
PubMed: 34826954
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132344 -
Journal of Cosmetic Science 2018Glutathione reduced (GSH) is the mother of all the antioxidants and has an antimelanogenic effect. It is extremely vulnerable to oxidation in the solution form which...
Glutathione reduced (GSH) is the mother of all the antioxidants and has an antimelanogenic effect. It is extremely vulnerable to oxidation in the solution form which limits its use. The GSH in nano-oil droplets present a potential solution to this problem. The aim of this study was to formulate glutathione-loaded nanoemulsion and assess its stability studies over a 90-day testing period. To formulate GSH-loaded nanoemulsion pseudo-ternary phase diagram, it was built with various concentrations of water, liquid paraffin oil, and surfactant mixture (Tween 80 and Span 80). The oily phase was prepared by dissolving the GSH (450 mg) in liquid paraffin oil through stirring. High-energy homogenization was used to prepare the nanoemulsion. From preformulation stability studies of the 28-day testing period, nanoemulsion (NE-19) with oil and surfactant mixture ratio (1:1) of hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value 10 was selected. The samples of NE-19 and its respective base (B-19) were kept at four different storage conditions for a period of 90 days and evaluated for physical characteristics, droplet size and distribution analysis, zeta potential analysis, electrical conductivity, mobility, polydispersity, pH, phase separation, and flow analysis at different time intervals. Glutathione in nano-oil droplets with nonionic surfactants produced oil-in-water nanoemulsions that were thermodynamically stable over the 90-day testing period at different storage conditions. NE-19 was formulated having non-Newtonian flow and pseudo-plastic behavior. pH was found in the range of 5-6. Polydispersity was less than 0.3. The droplet size of fresh nanoemulsion was 96.05 nm, whereas the zeta potential was -37.1. Mobility and electrical conductivity were -2.726 µm cm/Vs and 0.0141 mS/cm, respectively. Glutathione-loaded nanoemulsions have excellent stability, promising the solution in nano-oil droplets and are suggested for release studies for oxidative skin related diseases.
Topics: Drug Stability; Emulsions; Glutathione; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Nanoparticles; Oils; Oxidation-Reduction; Paraffin; Surface-Active Agents; Time Factors
PubMed: 30311901
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicine Nov 2021Current studies in patients with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) have predominantly focused on the role of tuina or paraffin therapy alone. This systematic review...
Chinese massage (Tuina) combline with paraffin therapy versus tuina or paraffin therapy alone for the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis: A protocol for systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Current studies in patients with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) have predominantly focused on the role of tuina or paraffin therapy alone. This systematic review with Bayesian network meta-analysis will be performed to sum up the existing evidence on the effects and safety of tuina plus paraffin therapy for CMT in infants and children.
METHODS
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes reporting guidelines will be followed to conduct this study. The electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, EMBASE, the Chinese Scientific Journal Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, Taiwan Electronic Periodical Services, and Web of Science will be searched from the inception to November 2021 using the following key terms: "Tuina," "traditional Chinese medicine massage," "paraffin," and "congenital muscular torticollis," for all relevant studies. We impose no language restrictions. We include reports on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of Tuina combline with paraffin therapy for the treatment of CMT in children and adolescents. We include studies that assessed effective rate, symmetry, improvements of range of motion, muscle length, and sternocleidomastoid tumor thickness, quality of life, and adverse events. The Cochrane Bias Risk Tool, which considers sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding and other aspects of bias, will be used to assess the risk of bias in studies.
RESULTS
A Bayesian network meta-analysis is an appropriate statistical method to compare all treatment options by statistically simulating the estimated results of a comprehensive trial, and to compare treatments by common and associated comparators. In addition, Bayesian network meta-analysis can produce ranking probabilities of treatments, which may contribute to clinicians' clinical decision-making.
REGISTRATION NUMBER
10.17605/OSF.IO/K5EGN.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Infant; Massage; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Network Meta-Analysis; Paraffin; Systematic Reviews as Topic; Torticollis
PubMed: 34871237
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000027648 -
Environmental Science & Technology Sep 2022This study reports on the occurrence and distribution of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) in edible insects purchased from...
This study reports on the occurrence and distribution of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) in edible insects purchased from Asia and Europe. A total of 36 edible insect samples ( = 24 from Asia, = 12 from Europe) authorized and prepared for human consumption were purchased and analyzed for SCCPs and MCCPs via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. SCCPs were detected in 83% of all edible insect samples with an overall median ∑SCCP concentration of 8.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and a range of <2.0 to 410 ng/g dw, while MCCPs were present in 92% of samples with a median ∑MCCP concentration of 51 ng/g dw and a range of <6.0 to 380 ng/g dw. Median ∑SCCP and ∑MCCP levels in edible insects purchased in Asia were approximately two- and four-times higher, respectively, than those from Europe, while the difference was statistically significant for ∑MCCPs ( < 0.001). Differences in homologue patterns were also observed between Asian and European samples to suggest diverse sources of CP contamination to insects which may include environmental accumulation, industrial processing equipment and food additives. Estimated daily intake of SCCPs and MCCPs via consumption of edible insects suggested that adverse health outcomes were very unlikely, but that continued monitoring of insect farming and processing practices are warranted.
Topics: Animals; China; Edible Insects; Environmental Monitoring; Food Additives; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin
PubMed: 35969810
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03255 -
The Analyst Apr 2015In infrared spectral histopathology, paraffin embedded tissues are often de-paraffinized using chemical agents such as xylene and hexane. These chemicals are known to be...
In infrared spectral histopathology, paraffin embedded tissues are often de-paraffinized using chemical agents such as xylene and hexane. These chemicals are known to be toxic and the routine de-waxing procedure is time consuming. A comparative study was carried out to identify alternate de-paraffinization methods by using paraffin oil and electronic de-paraffinization (using a mathematical computer algorithm) and their effectiveness was compared to xylene and hexane. Sixteen adjacent tissue sections obtained from a single block of a normal colon tissue were de-paraffinized using xylene, hexane and paraffin oil (+ hexane wash) at five different time points each for comparison. One section was reserved unprocessed for electronic de-paraffinization based on a modified extended multiplicative signal correction (EMSC). IR imaging was carried out on these tissue sections. Coefficients based on the fit of a pure paraffin model to the IR images were then calculated to estimate the amount of paraffin remaining after processing. Results indicate that on average xylene removes more paraffin in comparison to hexane and paraffin oil although the differences were small. This makes paraffin oil, followed by a hexane wash, an interesting and less toxic alternative method of de-paraffinization. However, none of the chemical methods removed paraffin completely from the tissues at any given time point. Moreover, paraffin was removed more easily from the glandular regions than the connective tissue regions indicating a form of differential paraffin retention based on the histology. In such cases, the use of electronic de-paraffinization to neutralize such variances across different tissue regions might be considered. Moreover it is faster, reduces scatter artefacts by index matching and enables samples to be easily stored for further analysis if required.
Topics: Artifacts; Colon; Optical Imaging; Paraffin; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 25671463
DOI: 10.1039/c4an02122c -
Chemosphere Mar 2022Technical chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are produced via radical chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks with different carbon chain-lengths (∼C-C). Short-chain CPs (SCCPs,...
Technical chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are produced via radical chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks with different carbon chain-lengths (∼C-C). Short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C-C) are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. This regulation has induced a shift to use longer-chain CPs as substitutes. Consequently, medium-chain (MCCPs, C-C) and long-chain (LCCPs, C) CPs have become dominant homologues in recent environmental samples. However, no suitable LCCP-standard materials are available. Herein, we report on the chemical synthesis of single-chain C-CP-materials, starting with a pure n-alkane and sulfuryl chloride (SOCl). Fractionation of the crude product by normal-phase liquid-chromatography and pooling of suitable fractions yielded in four C-CP-materials with different chlorination degrees (m = 39-52%). In addition, polar side-products, tentatively identified as sulfite-, sulfate- and bis-sulfate-diesters, were separated from CPs. The new single-chain materials were characterized by LC-MS, H-NMR and EA. LC-MS provided Relative retention times for different C-CP homologues and side-products. Mathematical deconvolution of full-scan mass spectra revealed the presence of chloroparaffins (57-93%) and chloroolefins (COs, 7-26%) in the four single-chain C-CP-materials. Homologue distributions and chlorination degrees were deduced for CPs and COs. H-NMR revealed chemical shift ranges of mono-chlorinated (δ = 3.2-5.3 ppm) and non-chlorinated (δ = 1.0-3.2 ppm) hydrocarbon moieties. The synthesized C-single-chain standard materials and respective spectroscopic data are useful to identify and quantify LCCPs in various materials and environmental samples. CP- and CO-distributions resemble the ones of existing SCCP and MCCP reference materials and technical mixtures. Furthermore, these materials now allow specific studies on the environmental fate and the transformation of long-chain chloroparaffins and chloroolefins.
Topics: China; Environmental Monitoring; Halogenation; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Mass Spectrometry; Paraffin
PubMed: 34798110
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132938 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Feb 2017Screening of tissue samples for glycogen is very important in assessing the ageing, but also the state of health of the tissue. Therefore, two needle stochastic sensors...
Screening of tissue samples for glycogen is very important in assessing the ageing, but also the state of health of the tissue. Therefore, two needle stochastic sensors based on maltodextrins presenting different dextrose equivalence (DE) MD-m (DE 13.0-17.0), and MD-M (DE 16.5-19.5) immobilized in diamond paste (obtained from synthetic diamond and paraffin oil) were designed and characterized. These stochastic sensors were used reliable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis for the assay of glycogen in tissue samples with limits of determination as low as 1fmol L.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Colon; Diamond; Electrodes; Glycogen; Humans; Oils; Paraffin; Polysaccharides; Skin; Time Factors
PubMed: 27987391
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.009 -
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology Apr 2023Patients with early-stage breast cancer currently undergo sentinel lymph node dissection to evaluate the axillary region. Frozen tissue blocks are evaluated intra...
INTRODUCTION
Patients with early-stage breast cancer currently undergo sentinel lymph node dissection to evaluate the axillary region. Frozen tissue blocks are evaluated intra operatively and paraffin-embedded samples are studied postoperatively. We explored whether sentinel lymph node dissection adequately reflected axillary involvement (as revealed by the paraffin blocks) in patients with early-stage breast cancer; we sought to avoid axillary dissection.
METHODS
The agreement/non-agreement rates between the results of axillary ultrasonography and biopsy, sentinel lymph node and axillary dissections, and frozen and paraffin block results, were retrospectively analyzed for 200 patients with early-stage breast cancer. The positive predictive values and accuracies were recorded in those who were positive on both ultrasonography and biopsy. The negative predictive values were calculated for doubly negative cases.
RESULTS
The frozen and paraffin block results disagreed in 19 (9.5 %) cases and agreed in 181 (90.5 %). The frozen block and dissection results differed in five of 38 patients who underwent axillary dissection (AD) (one patient did not undergo AD); the results were in agreement in 32. Of the 19 block-disagreement cases, 16 were in the non-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) group and three in the NAC treatment group. Clinically, the negative predictive values of the frozen and paraffin block data were 80 % in patients lacking axillary involvement.
CONCLUSION
Paraffin block evaluations only (thus, without frozen block examinations) of early-stage breast cancer lymph nodes seem to be sufficient to guide treatment. Also, a thorough clinical examination (with ultrasonography and axillary biopsy) reduces the dissection rate and the associated functional impairments.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breast Neoplasms; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; Paraffin; Retrospective Studies; Lymph Nodes; Lymph Node Excision
PubMed: 36587436
DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152097