-
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jan 2022Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used as additives in metal processing in the metal smelting industry. Data on CPs in the environment near metal smelting plants are...
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used as additives in metal processing in the metal smelting industry. Data on CPs in the environment near metal smelting plants are limited. The objectives of this study were to investigate the concentrations and congener profiles of CPs in soil around factories in a non-ferrous metal recycling park located in Hebei, China, and to investigate human exposure to CPs in the soil. The concentrations of short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) were determined by two-dimensional gas chromatography with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry. The SCCP and MCCP concentrations in the soil samples were 121-5159 ng/g and 47-6079 ng/g, respectively. Generally, the CP concentrations in soils around the factories were relatively high compared with those near other contaminated sites and in rural and urban areas. There were significant correlations between the MCCP concentrations, some SCCP carbon homologs, and the total organic carbon content (p < 0.05). The major SCCP and MCCP congener groups were CCl and C-Cl, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicated that SCCPs and MCCPs in the soil might originate from extreme pressure additives containing CP-42 and CP-52 and CP-containing waste material from the factories. The concentrations in two samples collected near a metal recycling factory posed a moderate risk according to a risk assessment conducted using risk quotients. Further risk assessment showed that the CPs concentrations in soil did not pose significant health risks to either children or adults.
Topics: Adult; Child; China; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Risk Assessment; Soil
PubMed: 34740736
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118456 -
Environmental Science & Technology Feb 2023Herein, we demonstrate the ability of a dual-purpose periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) probe to track the complex chlorinated paraffin (CP) composition in living...
Herein, we demonstrate the ability of a dual-purpose periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) probe to track the complex chlorinated paraffin (CP) composition in living animals by assembling it as an adsorbent-assisted atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (APCI-FT-ICR-MS) platform and synchronously performing it as the in vivo sampling device. First, synchronous solvent-free ionization and in-source thermal desorption of CP homologues were achieved by the introduction of the PMO adsorbent-assisted APCI module, generating exclusive adduct ions ([M - H]) of individual CP homologues (CCl) with enhanced ionization efficiency. Improved detection limits of short- and medium-chain CPs (0.10-24 and 0.48-5.0 pg/μL) were achieved versus those of the chloride-anion attachment APCI-MS methods. Second, the dual-purpose PMO probe was applied to extract the complex CP compositions in living animals, following APCI-FT-ICR-MS analysis. A modified pattern-deconvolution algorithm coupled with the sampling-rate calibration method was used for the quantification of CPs in living fish. In vivo quantification of a tilapia exposed to technical CPs for 7 days was successfully achieved, with ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs of the sampled fish calculated to be 1108 ± 289 and 831 ± 266 μg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, 58 potential CP metabolites were identified in living fish for the first time during in vivo sampling of CPs, a capacity that could provide an important tool for future study regarding its expected risks to humans and its environmental fate.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Paraffin; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Environmental Monitoring; Mass Spectrometry; Fishes; Chlorides
PubMed: 36790355
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05923 -
Environmental Science & Technology Apr 2021For the most complex artificial chlorinated environmental contaminants, much less is known for medium-chain CPs than short-chain CPs. In this research, the spatial...
For the most complex artificial chlorinated environmental contaminants, much less is known for medium-chain CPs than short-chain CPs. In this research, the spatial distributions of MCCPs and SCCPs in farmland soil and maize leaves near a CP production facility were found marginally influenced by seasonal winds. The levels of ∑MCCPs and ∑SCCPs were in the ranges of <1.51-188 and 5.41-381 ng/g dw for soils; and 77.6-52930 and 119-61999 ng/g dw for maize leaf, respectively. Bioaccumulation and tissue distributions of the CPs within maize plants were specifically analyzed. Most of the CPs were contained in the tissues directly exposed to airborne CPs. Though the estimated risk of CPs to humans through ingestion of kernels appears to be minimal, the edible safety of MCCPs in maize plants for cattle was nearly in the designated range of adverse effects. To our knowledge, this is the first report on bioaccumulation of CPs in mature maize plants, especially in the parts eaten by humans and domestic animals. It provides a baseline reference to the edible risks of CPs in agricultural food plants and alerts us to the problematic environmental behavior of MCCPs, a probable future replacement for SCCPs commercially.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; China; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Soil; Zea mays
PubMed: 33754697
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05111 -
Acta Cytologica 2021Paraffin injections for breast augmentation once a popular form of mammoplasty are now considered obsolete. It had been abandoned by clinicians because of its associated...
INTRODUCTION
Paraffin injections for breast augmentation once a popular form of mammoplasty are now considered obsolete. It had been abandoned by clinicians because of its associated serious complications. The practice is however still available and is being practiced by nonmedically qualified people. Paraffin injection results in the formation of multiple foreign-body granulomas known as breast paraffinoma. The clinical features of breast paraffinoma can mimic and be mistaken for breast carcinoma or inflammatory breast carcinoma. The use of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the evaluation of patients with breast paraffinoma has not been fully evaluated.
METHODS
Retrospective review was performed on 30 patients who presented with breast paraffinoma between June 1, 2010, and June 30, 2020, who also had FNAC as part of their breast lump evaluation.
RESULTS
FNAC of 73.3% patients showed multinucleated giant cells and macrophages or histiocytes containing engulfed clear, empty intracytoplasmic vacuoles of varying sizes. In 13.3% of the patients, macrophages or histiocytes with engulfed clear intracytoplasmic vacuoles of varying sizes were seen. In 6.7% of patients, multinucleated giant cells containing engulfed vacuoles of varying sizes were seen, and in 6.7% of patients, hypocellular smears with large amount of clear spaces were seen. Oily droplets were seen in the background of all the smears, and there were no malignant cells seen. These features were compatible with breast paraffinoma.
CONCLUSION
Most patients with breast paraffinoma can be managed conservatively and they do not require further treatment; FNAC with its characteristic features can provide the reliable diagnosis of breast paraffinoma and therefore sparing these patients from more invasive diagnostic procedures.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Breast Diseases; Breast Neoplasms; Databases, Factual; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Granuloma, Foreign-Body; Humans; Injections; Mammaplasty; Middle Aged; Paraffin; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34515047
DOI: 10.1159/000518453 -
Environment International Jul 2021Urban herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are exposed to contaminants from aquatic, terrestrial and anthropogenic sources. We aim to assess if differences in urbanisation...
Urban herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are exposed to contaminants from aquatic, terrestrial and anthropogenic sources. We aim to assess if differences in urbanisation affect ecological niche and contaminant concentrations in female herring gulls. Furthermore, we investigated maternal transfer from mothers to eggs for all the target compounds, including chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cVMSs), which to our knowledge have not been assessed in herring gulls previously. We compare concentrations of legacy and emerging contaminants and metals in blood and eggs between two herring gull colonies located 51 km apart, in the urban influenced Norwegian Oslofjord. While both colonies are within an urbanised area, the inner fjord is more so, as it is surrounded by Oslo, the capital and largest city in Norway Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen indicated a more marine ecological niche in the outer than the inner fjord colony, although with overlap. Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were similar in the inner and outer fjord colonies, while the short-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCP), which are recently added to the Stockholm convention and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) varied, with higher concentrations of SCCP and the cVMS decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in females and eggs of the inner fjord colony. Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) concentrations were higher in the outer fjord colony, likely linked to releases from a point-source (airport and waste management facility with open access to food waste). In blood, chlorinated paraffins contributed most the total lipophilic contaminants (inner: 78%, outer: 56%), while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the most abundant lipophilic contaminants in eggs (inner: 62%, outer: 46%). Dechloranes and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were detected in few samples. Maternal transfer, assessed by egg to blood ratios, of cVMSs were similar to the POPs with mean log ratio 0.39 (D5), while it was lower for SCCPs, with log ratios-0.77. Our results indicate comparable POP exposure of the herring gulls in the inner and outer Oslofjord, likely due to overlap in ecological niches between the colonies and wide distribution of POPs. The differences between the colonies in concentrations of PFAS, cVMS and CPs shows that point source exposures and urban influence may be more important than ecological niche for these compounds.
Topics: Animals; Charadriiformes; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Norway; Paraffin; Refuse Disposal; Siloxanes
PubMed: 33770583
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106478 -
Environmental Science & Technology Jun 2021Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have attracted attention because of their toxicological potential in humans and wildlife at environmentally relevant doses....
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have attracted attention because of their toxicological potential in humans and wildlife at environmentally relevant doses. However, limited information is available regarding mechanistic differences across species in terms of the biological pathways that are impacted by SCCP exposure. Here, a concentration-dependent reduced human transcriptome (RHT) approach was conducted to evaluate 15 SCCPs in HepG2 cells and compared with our previous results using a reduced zebrafish transcriptome (RZT) approach in zebrafish embryos (ZFEs). Generally, SCCPs induced a broader suite of biological pathways in ZFEs than HepG2 cells, and all of the 15 SCCPs were more potent in HepG2 cells compared to ZFEs. Despite these general differences, the transcriptional potency of SCCPs in both model systems showed a significant linear relationship ( = 0.0017, = 0.57), and the average ratios of transcriptional potency for each SCCP in RZT to that in RHT were ∼100,000. CHCl was the most potent SCCP, while CHCl was the least potent in both ZFEs and HepG2 cells. An adverse outcome pathway network-based analysis demonstrated model-specific responses, such as xenobiotic metabolism that may be mediated by different nuclear receptor-mediated pathways between HepG2 cells (, CAR and AhR activation) and ZFEs (, PXR activation). Moreover, induced transcriptional changes in ZFEs associated with pathways and molecular initiating events (, activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) suggest that SCCPs may disrupt neural development processes. The cross-model comparison of concentration-dependent transcriptomics represents a promising approach to assess and prioritize SCCPs.
Topics: Animals; China; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Transcriptome; Zebrafish
PubMed: 34038106
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00975 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Dec 2022In the last few decades, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have become the most heavily produced monomeric organohalogen compounds, and have been reported to...
In the last few decades, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have become the most heavily produced monomeric organohalogen compounds, and have been reported to induce multiple organ toxicity. However, the effects of SCCPs on the central nervous system are unknown. In the present study, we show that SCCP exposure induced astrocyte proliferation and increased the expression of two critical markers of astrocyte activation, glial fibrillary acidic protein and inducible nitric oxide synthase, in vivo and in vitro. SCCP exposure also increased inflammatory factory gene expression. Moreover, SCCP treatment triggered Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling, as shown by increased phosphorylation and STAT3 translocation to the nucleus. Both JAK2 and STAT3 inhibition effectively attenuated SCCP-induced astrocyte activation. Finally, JAK2 inhibition significantly rescued STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Taken together, JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation contributed to SCCP-induced astrocyte activation. These data will help elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying SCCP-induced neurotoxicity.
Topics: Janus Kinase 2; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Paraffin; Astrocytes; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 36375367
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114268 -
Environmental Research Jun 2021Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have received increased interest worldwide since they were added to the list of controlled POPs in Annex A of the Stockholm...
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have received increased interest worldwide since they were added to the list of controlled POPs in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention in 2017. Although many toxicological studies have already shown that SCCPs are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and thyrotoxic to rodents, there have been few studies to date that have characterized changes in the metabolic pathways targeted by SCCPs. In this study, a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS based plasma metabolomics approach was used to investigate the toxicity of SCCPs in rats. Liver and kidney injury occurred rapidly after high-dose SCCP exposure, and the most relevant pathways affected were energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and vitamin B metabolism. Exposure to SCCPs inhibited the tricarboxylic acid cycle and accelerated degradation. Fluctuating levels of phospholipids and nucleotides may have contributed to the neurotoxicity of SCCPs. In addition, the down regulation of folic acid induced by SCCPs may have led to malformations during the early development of laboratory animals. These results suggested that high exposure levels of SCCPs may have serious health risks and more research is needed to assess the health status of relevant occupational groups.
Topics: Animals; China; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolomics; Paraffin; Rats
PubMed: 33798518
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111060 -
Chemosphere Jun 2024Short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) have garnered significant attention because they have persistence and potential toxicity, and can...
Short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) have garnered significant attention because they have persistence and potential toxicity, and can undergo long-distance transport. Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) inhaled in the size-fractionated particulate phase and gas phase can carry different risks to human health due to their ability to accumulate in different regions of the respiratory tract and exhibit varying deposition efficiencies. In our study, large-volume ambient air samples in both the size-fractionated particulate phase (Dp < 1.0 μm, 1.0-2.5 μm, 2.5-10 μm, and Dp ≥ 10 μm) and gas phase were collected simultaneously in Beijing using an active sampler. The overall levels of SCCPs and MCCPs were relatively high, the ranges being 57-881 and 30-385 ng/m, respectively. SCCPs tended to be partitioned in the gas phase (on average 75% of the ΣSCCP concentration), while MCCPs tended to be partitioned in the particulate phase (on average 62% of the ΣMCCP concentration). Significant correlations were discovered between the logarithm-transformed gas-particle partition coefficients (K) and predicted subcooled vapor pressures (P) (p < 0.01 for SCCPs and MCCPs) and between the logarithm-transformed K values and octanol-air partition coefficients (K) (p < 0.01 for SCCPs and MCCPs). Thus, the slopes indicated that organic matter absorption was the dominant process involved in gas-particle partitioning. We used the ICRP model to calculate deposition concentrations for particulate-associated CPs in head airways region (15.6-71.4 ng/m³), tracheobronchial region (0.8-4.8 ng/m³), and alveolar region (5.1-21.9 ng/m³), then combined these concentrations with the CP concentrations in the gas phase to calculate estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for inhalation. The EDIs for SCCPs and MCCPs through inhalation of ambient air for the all-ages group were 67.5-184.2 ng/kg/day and 19.7-53.7 ng/kg/day, respectively. The results indicated that SCCPs and MCCPs in ambient air do not currently pose strong risks to human health in the study area.
Topics: Paraffin; Air Pollutants; Humans; Particulate Matter; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Environmental Monitoring; Particle Size; Risk Assessment; Inhalation Exposure; Beijing; Halogenation; Gases
PubMed: 38705415
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142225 -
Environment International Sep 2020As a new group of persistent organic pollutants of concern, chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been widely detected in the environment and biota, but their occurrence,...
As a new group of persistent organic pollutants of concern, chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been widely detected in the environment and biota, but their occurrence, partitioning, and transfer in humans have been not well documented. In this study, 32 pairs of maternal blood, cord blood, and placenta samples were collected from pregnant women in South China, and the blood was further separated into plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) for blood partitioning study. Short- and medium-chain CPs (SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively) were detected in all the five human biological matrices, suggesting prevalent exposure and maternal transfer of CPs in the pregnant women. Discrepant congener group profiles of CPs were observed in different human biological matrices. Significant differences in the plasma-RBC partitioning of CPs in the maternal and cord bloods were identified (p < 0.001). CP partitioning to plasma was stronger than that to RBCs in maternal blood, but the converse was true for cord blood. Mass fractions in plasma (F) for SCCPs (mean, 0.78) and MCCPs (0.74) in maternal blood were significantly higher than the values in cord blood. Transplacental transfer efficiencies (TTEs) were evaluated based on the whole blood concentrations of CPs in the maternal and cord bloods, and the TTEs ranged from 0.50 to 0.69 (first to third quartiles) for SCCPs and MCCPs, indicating that the placenta can partially restrict maternal transfer. The extent of CP retention in the placenta was assessed by the concentration ratio (R) of matched placenta and maternal blood, and interestingly, a U-shaped trend for placental retention (R) with increasing chain length was observed for individual congener groups. Significant relationships of the CP concentrations among the maternal blood, cord blood, and placenta were observed (p < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the plasma-RBC partitioning of CPs in human maternal and cord bloods, as well as the first study to evaluate TTEs based on whole blood concentrations. Our study confirmed that whole blood is the preferred matrix for accurately assessing human internal exposure and transplacental transfer of CPs.
Topics: China; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Mothers; Paraffin; Pregnancy
PubMed: 32590282
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105871