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Environmental Science & Technology Jul 2022Increasing global and domestic food trade and required logistics create uncertainties in food safety inspection due to uncertainties in food origins and extensive trade...
Increasing global and domestic food trade and required logistics create uncertainties in food safety inspection due to uncertainties in food origins and extensive trade activities. Modern blockchain techniques have been developed to inform consumers of food origins but do not provide food safety information in many cases. A novel food safety tracking and modeling framework for quantifying toxic chemical levels in the food and the food origins was developed. By integrating chemicals' multimedia environment exchange, food web, and source tracking systems, the framework was implemented to identify short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) contamination of fresh hairtail fish sold by a Walmart supermarket in Xi'an, northwestern China, and sourced in Eastern China Sea coastal waters. The framework was shown to successfully predict SCCP level with a mean of 17.8 ng g in Walmart-sold hairtails, which was comparable to lab-analyzed 21.9 ng g in Walmart-sold hairtails. The framework provides an alternative and cost-effective approach for safe food inspection compared to traditional food safety inspection techniques. These encouraging results suggest that the approach and rationale reported here could add additional information to the food origin tracking system to enhance transparency and consumers' confidence in the traded food they consumed.
Topics: Animals; China; Environmental Monitoring; Fishes; Food Chain; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin
PubMed: 35731583
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00495 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2021This study investigates the presence of Stockholm Convention listed short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and their replacement medium-chain chlorinated paraffins...
This study investigates the presence of Stockholm Convention listed short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and their replacement medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) counterparts in polyvinyl chloride and rubber consumer products and toys purchased on the Belgian market in 2019. SCCPs were detected in 27/28 samples at concentrations ranging from
Topics: Belgium; China; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Polyvinyl Chloride; Rubber
PubMed: 33530429
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031069 -
Archives of Environmental Contamination... May 2020Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were included in the Stockholm Convention in 2017. SCCPs have persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range environmental mobility... (Review)
Review
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were included in the Stockholm Convention in 2017. SCCPs have persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range environmental mobility and biological toxicity, significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, and potential carcinogenicity. Little study was on the progress research on the current environmental pollution in China. We reviewed the pollution conditions of SCCPs in air, soil, and water and their accumulation in food and organisms in China, especially for the contaminations of aquatic ecosystem. Meanwhile, we summarize the recent studies on the toxic effects and toxicological mechanisms of SCCPs on aquatic organisms and mammals. Finally, the further direction and trends for SCCP research were proposed. More efforts are necessary to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment and evaluate the relative importance of the various exposure routes.
Topics: Animals; Aquatic Organisms; China; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 32123944
DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00723-0 -
Chemosphere Jul 2023Electronic waste is a source of both legacy and emerging flame retardants to the environment, especially in regions where sufficient waste handling systems are lacking....
Electronic waste is a source of both legacy and emerging flame retardants to the environment, especially in regions where sufficient waste handling systems are lacking. In the present study, we quantified the occurrence of short- and medium chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) and dechloranes in household chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs and soil collected near waste disposal sites on Zanzibar and the Tanzanian mainland. Sampling locations included an e-waste facility and the active dumpsite of Dar es Salaam, a historical dumpsite in Dar es Salaam, and an informal dumpsite on Zanzibar. We compared concentrations and contaminant profiles between soil and eggs, as free-range chickens ingest a considerable amount of soil during foraging, with potential for maternal transfer to the eggs. We found no correlation between soil and egg concentrations or patterns of dechloranes or CPs. CPs with shorter chain lengths and higher chlorination degree were associated with soil, while longer chain lengths and lower chlorination degree were associated with eggs. MCCPs dominated the CP profile in eggs, with median concentrations ranging from 500 to 900 ng/g lipid weight (lw) among locations. SCCP concentrations in eggs ranged from below the detection limit (LOD) to 370 ng/g lw. Dechlorane Plus was the dominating dechlorane compound in all egg samples, with median concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.8 ng/g lw. SCCPs dominated in the soil samples (400-21300 ng/g soil organic matter, SOM), except at the official dumpsite where MCCPs were highest (65000 ng/g SOM). Concentrations of dechloranes in soil ranged from below LOD to 240 ng/g SOM, and the dominating compounds were Dechlorane Plus and Dechlorane 603. Risk assessment of CP levels gave margins of exposure (MOE) close to or below 1000 for SCCPs at one location.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Tanzania; Paraffin; Soil; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Waste Disposal Facilities; China
PubMed: 37037350
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138646 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2021Most of the studies on short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in human tissues have focused on human milk and blood. However, little is known...
Most of the studies on short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) in human tissues have focused on human milk and blood. However, little is known about the occurrence of CPs in human hair and nails. In this study, SCCPs and MCCPs were analyzed in 62 pairs of human hair and nails from North China. Median concentrations (range) of SCCPs and MCCPs in human hair were 239 (19.2-877) and 325 (16.9-893) ng/g dw, respectively, all of which were significantly higher than 154 (57.7-355) and 233 (61.0-476) ng/g dw, respectively, in nail samples (p < 0.05). The homologue profiles of CPs in human hair were similar to those in nails, where SCCPs and MCCPs were dominated by CCl and CCl, respectively. A significant positive relationship was observed between CP levels and age of people for hair, whereas negative linear correlations were observed for nails. The redundancy analysis indicated that age of people might be the main influencing factor on the accumulation of CPs in hair and nails. The present study performed comprehensive evaluation of CP exposure levels in human hair and nail and highlights the need for more data on relationship between internal and external exposure to CPs.
Topics: Environmental Biomarkers; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Nails; Paraffin
PubMed: 34315053
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149257 -
FEMS Microbiology Ecology Aug 2019Community compositional changes and the corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of different electron donor and acceptor combinations were examined with a methanogenic...
Community compositional changes and the corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of different electron donor and acceptor combinations were examined with a methanogenic consortium enriched for its ability to mineralize paraffins. Despite cultivation in the absence of sulfate, metagenomic analysis revealed the persistence of several sulfate-reducing bacterial taxa. Upon sulfate amendment, the consortium was able to couple C28H58 biodegradation with sulfate reduction. Comparative analysis suggested that Desulforhabdus and/or Desulfovibrio likely supplanted methanogens as syntrophic partners needed for C28H58 mineralization. Further enrichment in the absence of a paraffin revealed that the consortium could also utilize carbon steel as a source of electrons. The severity of both general and localized corrosion increased in the presence of sulfate, regardless of the electron donor utilized. With carbon steel as an electron donor, Desulfobulbus dominated in the consortium and electrons from iron accounted for ∼92% of that required for sulfate reduction. An isolated Desulfovibrio spp. was able to extract electrons from iron and accelerate corrosion. Thus, hydrogenotrophic partner microorganisms required for syntrophic paraffin metabolism can be readily substituted depending on the availability of an external electron acceptor and a single paraffin-degrading consortium harbored microbes capable of both chemical and electrical microbially influenced iron corrosion.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Corrosion; Deltaproteobacteria; Desulfovibrio; Iron; Microbial Consortia; Oxidation-Reduction; Paraffin; Steel; Sulfates
PubMed: 31281924
DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz111 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jun 2021Aquatic foods are important sources of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) to humans. Farmed crabs are bottom-dwelling aquatic animals, and can accumulate CPs through food and...
Aquatic foods are important sources of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) to humans. Farmed crabs are bottom-dwelling aquatic animals, and can accumulate CPs through food and aquatic environment. However, limited information is available on CPs concentrations in and sources to farmed crabs. In this study, short-chain CPs (SCCPs) and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) concentrations in 59 samples from the farmed crab food web (crab, crab feed, and aquaculture environment) were determined. The samples were from 17 crab farms in Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province, and Shanghai, in China. The SCCPs and MCCPs concentrations in the crab samples were 82-1760 and not detected-680 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The dominant SCCPs and MCCPs in the crab samples were CCl and CCl, respectively. The SCCPs concentrations in the crab food web samples were higher than the MCCPs concentrations. SCCPs contamination of the crab food web samples was not directly related to CPs product use. The main factors affecting SCCPs concentrations in the crab samples were different for different crab farms. Crab feed and the aquaculture environment could be sources of SCCPs to farmed crabs. No marked health risks are posed to humans through consuming CPs in Chinese mitten crabs farmed in China.
Topics: Animals; China; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Seafood
PubMed: 33485226
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125076 -
A mechanical evaluation of micro-HA/CS composite scaffolds with interconnected spherical macropores.Biomedical Engineering Online Feb 2016In the process of bone defective reparation and engineered bone tissue construction, osteoblasts are adhered to the surface of the scaffold materials and impart the...
BACKGROUND
In the process of bone defective reparation and engineered bone tissue construction, osteoblasts are adhered to the surface of the scaffold materials and impart the external mechanical load to the osteoblasts. So, the dynamic mechanical property of the scaffolds play an important role in the bone tissue repair and it is valuable to research. Material type and the architectural design of scaffolds are also important to facilitate cell and tissue growth. The aim of this study was to prepare a kind of material with good pore connectivity and analyze its dynamic mechanical property.
METHODS
Fabrication and characterization of micro-hydroxyapatite(m-HA)/chitosan(CS) polymer composite scaffolds with well interconnected spherical pore architectures were reports. Micro-HA was prepared by being calcined and ball milled. Paraffin spheres in the range of 160-330 µm were fabricated with a dispersion method and used as the porogen in the fabrication of the scaffolds. Polymer scaffolds were fabricated by the technique of compression molding and particulate leaching method. The effects of the porogen content on the properties of the scaffolds were studied.
RESULTS
With the increase of porogen, the pore of the scaffolds increased and became interconnected. Cyclic loading of three scaffolds were tested with 10 % strain under four levels of loading frequency, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 Hz. The porous composite scaffolds exhibited a viscosity-elastic behaviour with a maximum stress of 3-4 kPa. At each frequency, modulus value is decreased with the paraffin microspheres content, but there was no significance difference in the peak stress of the three samples. All the samples tested displayed clear hysteresis loops. There was no significance difference in the peak hysteresis of the three samples, and the hysteresis difference values between the sixth compression cycle and the initial cycle for three samples was similar, with no statistically significant differences.
CONCLUSIONS
Micro-HA/CS composite scaffolds with interconnected spherical macropores were fabricated using pherical paraffin as porogen. The porous composite scaffolds exhibited a viscosity-elastic behaviour with good repeatability. It is benefit to study the influence of the mechanical load on the cell of the scaffold.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Chitosan; Durapatite; Mechanical Phenomena; Paraffin; Particle Size; Porosity; Tissue Scaffolds; Water
PubMed: 26831146
DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0114-5 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jun 2018Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) are chronically exposed to organic pollutants since they inhabit shallow coastal waters that are often impacted by... (Review)
Review
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) are chronically exposed to organic pollutants since they inhabit shallow coastal waters that are often impacted by anthropogenic activities. The aim of this review was to evaluate existing knowledge on the occurrence of organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, identify knowledge gaps, and offer recommendations for future research directions. We discussed the trends in the bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins focusing on sources, physicochemical properties, and usage patterns. Furthermore, we examined factors that influence bioaccumulation such as gender, age, dietary intake and tissue-specific distribution. Studies on bioaccumulation in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin remain scarce, despite high concentrations above 13,000 ng/g lw we previously detected for PFOS, ∑PBDE and chlorinated paraffins. The maximum concentration of organochlorines detected was 157,000 ng/g wt. Furthermore, variations in bioaccumulation were shown to be caused by factors such as usage patterns and physicochemical properties of the pollutant. However, restrictions in sampling inhibit investigations on exposure pathway and toxicity of organic pollutants in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. We proposed the use of biopsy sampling, predictive bioaccumulation and toxicity modeling, and monitoring other emerging contaminants such as microplastics and pharmaceuticals for future health risk assessment on this critically endangered marine mammal species.
Topics: Animals; Dolphins; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Plastics; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 29477865
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.055 -
The Science of the Total Environment May 2024Short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chain chlorinated paraffins being the emerging organic pollutants have raised serious concerns due to their widespread use and related...
Short (SCCPs) and medium (MCCPs) chain chlorinated paraffins being the emerging organic pollutants have raised serious concerns due to their widespread use and related human health risks. However, their occurrence in aquatic bodies like rivers and associated damage to ecological integrity is yet unknown in some regions of the world. The current study is the first ever assessment of SCCPs and MCCPs in sediment and water of river Ravi, Pakistan. Spatial occurrence and associated ecological risks were investigated from sediments (n = 16) and composite water samples (n = 8) collected at eight locations along the stretch of river Ravi. The concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs varied from below limit of detection (
Topics: Humans; Animals; Chlorine; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Paraffin; Rivers; Pakistan; Environmental Monitoring; Risk Assessment; Carbon; China
PubMed: 38537810
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171964