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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing...
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species (Table 5.1). Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex (Table 5.1). Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 5.1).
Topics: Africa; Americas; Animals; Asia; Brachyura; Humans; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Tropical Climate; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31297761
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_5 -
Radiologic Clinics of North America May 2022Although many of the thoracic infections endemic to Africa are also present around the world, this article focuses on entities that are emerging or disproportionately... (Review)
Review
Although many of the thoracic infections endemic to Africa are also present around the world, this article focuses on entities that are emerging or disproportionately affect populations living in sub-Saharan Africa. Important emerging or reemerging viral and bacterial diseases that commonly affect the lung include dengue fever, plague, leptospirosis, and rickettsioses. Most parasitic infections endemic to Africa can also manifest within the thorax, including malaria, amebiasis, hydatid disease, schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis. Level of sanitation, interaction between humans and host animals, climate change, political instability, and global travel all affect the distribution and burden of these diseases.
Topics: Amebiasis; Animals; Ascariasis; Humans; Parasitic Diseases; Schistosomiasis; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 35534131
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2022.01.003 -
Acta Tropica Nov 2019Paragonimiasis, or lung fluke disease, is a typical food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with trematodes belonging to the genus Paragonimus. More than 50... (Review)
Review
Paragonimiasis, or lung fluke disease, is a typical food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with trematodes belonging to the genus Paragonimus. More than 50 species of Paragonimus have been reported throughout the world, of which seven valid species infect humans, an estimated one million people annually worldwide. Among the seven species, P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and P. skrjabini/P. s. miyazakii, distributed in Asia, are the most important species as the cause of paragonimiasis. Humans acquire infection through the ingestion of raw, pickled or undercooked freshwater crustaceans, 2nd intermediate hosts, or consuming raw meat of wild boar or deer, paratenic hosts. Infections often occur clustered in foci where dietary habits allow transmission of the parasites. Paragonimiasis typically causes a subacute to chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs. The symptoms, including chronic cough, chest pain, dyspnea and hemoptysis, mimic those of tuberculosis and lung cancer. Serologic tests are commonly used for the diagnosis of paragonimiasis, and Praziquantel is the treatment of choice. In this review, the current status of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Asia is outlined based on the latest information and findings. We also summarize current trends of paragonimiasis in Japan, which is one of the most endemic area of paragonimiasis in the world, for the better understanding and control of paragonimiasis.
Topics: Animals; Asia; Disease Vectors; Humans; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Praziquantel
PubMed: 31295431
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105074 -
Acta Tropica Nov 2021Paragonimiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. Over 50 species of Paragonimus have been reported worldwide, and China has the widest distribution and... (Review)
Review
Paragonimiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. Over 50 species of Paragonimus have been reported worldwide, and China has the widest distribution and largest number of species. The detection of Paragonimus metacercariae from second intermediate hosts has been reported in 22 provinces and municipalities. The most frequently reported species are P. westermani, P. skrjabini, P. heterotremus and Euparagonimus cenocopiosus. In this review, we collected and reviewed relevant reports on the detection of Paragonimus metacercariae in second intermediate hosts from 1937 to 2020 from all areas of China. We provide an updated and current summary of Paragonimus species and their hosts in China. Data on the geographical range, species distribution, and second intermediate host species of Paragonimus were extracted. ArcGIS10.2 software was used to generate distribution maps of Paragonimus for four time periods: 1937-1990, 1991-2005, 2006-2020 and 1937-2020. We analyzed the geographic and spatiotemporal dynamics of Paragonimus prevalence in natural foci and provided a basis for further research and paragonimiasis prevention strategies in China.
Topics: Animals; China; Disease Vectors; Metacercariae; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus
PubMed: 34389330
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106094 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Mar 2019
Topics: Adult; Animals; China; Humans; Lung; Male; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus westermani; Praziquantel; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30326730
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1149IM -
Parasitology Nov 2018Paragonimiasis, human lung fluke disease, is a foodborne anthropozoonosis caused by the trematodes assigned to Paragonimus and is regarded by the World Health... (Review)
Review
Paragonimiasis, human lung fluke disease, is a foodborne anthropozoonosis caused by the trematodes assigned to Paragonimus and is regarded by the World Health Organization as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). The life cycle of this medically important parasite centres on a complex freshwater biological community that includes two intermediate hosts: a mollusc and a decapod, usually a brachyuran. Although there is a perception that the biology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of Paragonimus is well understood, in reality, this is not the case, especially in Africa. Much remains unknown concerning the life-cycle of the parasite, its transmission, the current epidemiology of the disease, diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment. Furthermore, cases of paragonimiasis may be misdiagnosed as resistant tuberculosis (TB) because of the similar pulmonary symptoms and no remission after anti TB therapy. The endemic foci of human paragonimiasis in Africa have been reported mainly in the forest zones of Upper Guinea (Liberia, Guinea and Ivory Coast) and Lower Guinea (Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon). Despite the perceived medical importance of paragonimiasis, relatively little attention has been paid to this NTD since its discovery in Africa in the 1960s. This review focuses on the current understanding of the life cycle and transmission of Paragonimus in Africa, discusses its diagnosis and public health importance and highlights many outstanding gaps in the knowledge that still exist for this NTD.
Topics: Africa; Africa, Central; Animals; Brachyura; Decapoda; Forests; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Neglected Diseases; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Public Health; Zoonoses
PubMed: 30210013
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182018001439 -
Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany) Oct 2014Respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. The main pathogens are the... (Review)
Review
Respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. The main pathogens are the same as in temperate climate zones: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, influenza viruses, Legionella pneumophila. However, some pulmonary diseases can be attributed to bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal pathogens that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. The most commonly imported infections are malaria, dengue, and tuberculosis. Pulmonary symptoms and eosinophilia in returning travellers and migrants may be caused by several parasitic infections such as Katayama syndrome, Loeffler syndrome, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, amebiasis, paragonimiasis, echinococcosis, and toxocariasis. In Asia, Tsutsugamushi fever is transmitted by chiggers, spotted fever rickettsiae are transmitted by ticks. Transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs mainly via contact with infected animals or their excretions, human-to-human transmission is generally rare: MERS-CoA (dromedary camels), pulmonary hantavirus infection (rodents), tularemia (rabbits and hares), leptospirosis (rats), Q-fever (sheep and goats), very rarely anthrax (hides of ruminants) and pest (infected rats and wildlife). Inhalation of contaminated dust can cause infections with dimorphic fungi: histoplasmosis (bat guano) and coccidioidomycosis in America and parts of Africa, blastomycosis in America. Some infections can cause symptoms years after a stay in tropical or subtropical regions (melioidosis, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension). Noninfectious respiratory diseases caused by inhalation of high amounts of air pollution or toxic dusts may also be considered.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Lung Diseases, Parasitic; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Viral; Travel; Travel Medicine
PubMed: 25290923
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1378081 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Jun 2015Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic, food-borne trematode infection that affects around 23 million people in Asia, Africa and the Americas. North American paragonimiasis,... (Review)
Review
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic, food-borne trematode infection that affects around 23 million people in Asia, Africa and the Americas. North American paragonimiasis, caused by Paragonimus kellicotti, is a common infection of crustacean-feeding mammals in parts of the USA and Canada. Although infection rates in crayfish are very high in some areas, human infections are rare and depend on the consumption of raw or undercooked crayfish. Human infections can be easily prevented and treated, but proper diagnosis of paragonimiasis is a problem. Paragonimus lung flukes often cause serious disease symptoms before they produce eggs that may be detectable in sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, stool or histological sections by microscopy or PCR. Antibodies against selected Paragonimus proteins are detectable as early as 2-3 weeks after infection. Therefore, antibody serology is the most promising diagnostic approach for paragonimiasis in North America and elsewhere.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Antibodies, Helminth; Astacoidea; Benzimidazoles; Canada; Food Contamination; Humans; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Praziquantel; Triclabendazole; United States
PubMed: 25835312
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1031745 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Dec 2015In the 21st century, despite increased globalization through international travel for business, medical volunteerism, pleasure, and immigration/refugees into the United... (Review)
Review
In the 21st century, despite increased globalization through international travel for business, medical volunteerism, pleasure, and immigration/refugees into the United States, there is little published in the dermatology literature regarding the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections. Approximately 17% of travelers seek medical care because of cutaneous disorders, many related to infectious etiologies. This review will focus on the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections and is divided into 2 parts: part I focuses on nematode infections, and part II focuses on trematode and cestode infections. This review highlights the clinical manifestations, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of helminth infections. Nematodes are roundworms that cause diseases with cutaneous manifestations, such as cutaneous larval migrans, onchocerciasis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, loiasis, dracunculiasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, streptocerciasis, dirofilariasis, and trichinosis. Tremadotes, also known as flukes, cause schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, and fascioliasis. Cestodes (tapeworms) are flat, hermaphroditic parasites that cause diseases such as sparganosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcus.
Topics: Animals; Antinematodal Agents; Biopsy, Needle; Disease Progression; Endemic Diseases; Female; Helminthiasis; Helminths; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Incidence; Male; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Skin Diseases, Parasitic; Treatment Outcome; Tropical Climate
PubMed: 26568337
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.034 -
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Nov 2014A review of national and international publications on paragonimiasis in Ecuador, epidemiological records from the Ministry of Public Health and unpublished research... (Review)
Review
A review of national and international publications on paragonimiasis in Ecuador, epidemiological records from the Ministry of Public Health and unpublished research data was conducted to summarise the current status of the parasite/disease. The purpose of the review is to educate physicians, policy-makers and health providers on the status of the disease and to stimulate scientific investigators to conduct further research. Paragonimiasis was first diagnosed in Ecuador 94 years ago and it is endemic to both tropical and subtropical regions in 19 of 24 provinces in the Pacific Coast and Amazon regions. Paragonimus mexicanus is the only known species in the country, with the mollusc Aroapyrgus colombiensis and the crabs Moreirocarcinus emarginatus, Hypolobocera chilensis and Hypolobocera aequatorialis being the primary and secondary intermediate hosts, respectively. Recent studies found P. mexicanus metacercariae in Trichodactylus faxoni crabs of the northern Amazon. Chronic pulmonary paragonimiasis is commonly misdiagnosed and treated as tuberculosis and although studies have demonstrated the efficacy of praziquantel and triclabendazole for the treatment of human infections, neither drug is available in Ecuador. Official data recorded from 1978-2007 indicate an annual incidence of 85.5 cases throughout the 19 provinces, with an estimated 17.2% of the population at risk of infection. There are no current data on the incidence/prevalence of infection, nor is there a national control programme.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Astacoidea; Brachyura; Chronic Disease; Ecuador; Humans; Lung Diseases, Parasitic; Metacercariae; Neglected Diseases; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus
PubMed: 25410987
DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140042