-
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing...
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species (Table 5.1). Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex (Table 5.1). Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 5.1).
Topics: Africa; Americas; Animals; Asia; Brachyura; Humans; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Tropical Climate; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31297761
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_5 -
Acta Tropica Nov 2021Paragonimiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. Over 50 species of Paragonimus have been reported worldwide, and China has the widest distribution and... (Review)
Review
Paragonimiasis is an important foodborne parasitic disease. Over 50 species of Paragonimus have been reported worldwide, and China has the widest distribution and largest number of species. The detection of Paragonimus metacercariae from second intermediate hosts has been reported in 22 provinces and municipalities. The most frequently reported species are P. westermani, P. skrjabini, P. heterotremus and Euparagonimus cenocopiosus. In this review, we collected and reviewed relevant reports on the detection of Paragonimus metacercariae in second intermediate hosts from 1937 to 2020 from all areas of China. We provide an updated and current summary of Paragonimus species and their hosts in China. Data on the geographical range, species distribution, and second intermediate host species of Paragonimus were extracted. ArcGIS10.2 software was used to generate distribution maps of Paragonimus for four time periods: 1937-1990, 1991-2005, 2006-2020 and 1937-2020. We analyzed the geographic and spatiotemporal dynamics of Paragonimus prevalence in natural foci and provided a basis for further research and paragonimiasis prevention strategies in China.
Topics: Animals; China; Disease Vectors; Metacercariae; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus
PubMed: 34389330
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106094 -
Acta Tropica Nov 2019Paragonimiasis, or lung fluke disease, is a typical food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with trematodes belonging to the genus Paragonimus. More than 50... (Review)
Review
Paragonimiasis, or lung fluke disease, is a typical food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with trematodes belonging to the genus Paragonimus. More than 50 species of Paragonimus have been reported throughout the world, of which seven valid species infect humans, an estimated one million people annually worldwide. Among the seven species, P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and P. skrjabini/P. s. miyazakii, distributed in Asia, are the most important species as the cause of paragonimiasis. Humans acquire infection through the ingestion of raw, pickled or undercooked freshwater crustaceans, 2nd intermediate hosts, or consuming raw meat of wild boar or deer, paratenic hosts. Infections often occur clustered in foci where dietary habits allow transmission of the parasites. Paragonimiasis typically causes a subacute to chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs. The symptoms, including chronic cough, chest pain, dyspnea and hemoptysis, mimic those of tuberculosis and lung cancer. Serologic tests are commonly used for the diagnosis of paragonimiasis, and Praziquantel is the treatment of choice. In this review, the current status of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Asia is outlined based on the latest information and findings. We also summarize current trends of paragonimiasis in Japan, which is one of the most endemic area of paragonimiasis in the world, for the better understanding and control of paragonimiasis.
Topics: Animals; Asia; Disease Vectors; Humans; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Praziquantel
PubMed: 31295431
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105074 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Mar 2019
Topics: Adult; Animals; China; Humans; Lung; Male; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus westermani; Praziquantel; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30326730
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1149IM -
Parasitology Sep 2022Foodborne trematodes (FBT) of public health significance include liver flukes ( and ), lung flukes ( and several other spp.) and intestinal flukes, which include... (Review)
Review
Foodborne trematodes (FBT) of public health significance include liver flukes ( and ), lung flukes ( and several other spp.) and intestinal flukes, which include heterophyids ( and ), echinostomes ( and ) and miscellaneous species, including and . These trematode infections are distributed worldwide but occur most commonly in Asia. The global burden of FBT diseases has been estimated at about 80 million, however, this seems to be a considerable underestimate. Their life cycle involves a molluscan first intermediate host, and a second intermediate host, including freshwater fish, crustaceans, aquatic vegetables and freshwater or brackish water gastropods and bivalves. The mode of human infection is the consumption of the second intermediate host under raw or improperly cooked conditions. The major pathogenesis of and spp. infection includes inflammation of the bile duct which leads to cholangitis and cholecystitis, and in a substantial number of patients, serious complications, such as liver cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma, may develop. In lung fluke infections, cough, bloody sputum and bronchiectasis are the most common clinical manifestations. However, lung flukes often migrate to extrapulmonary sites, including the brain, spinal cord, skin, subcutaneous tissues and abdominal organs. Intestinal flukes can induce inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, and they may at times undergo extraintestinal migration, in particular, in immunocompromised patients. In order to control FBT infections, eating foods after proper cooking is strongly recommended.
Topics: Animals; Echinostoma; Fascioliasis; Heterophyidae; Humans; Inflammation; Trematoda; Trematode Infections
PubMed: 35591777
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182022000725 -
Pharmacological Research Jul 2018The World Health Organization estimated that more than 1.5 billion people are infected with soil-transmitted helminths globally, and foodborne trematodiases in humans... (Review)
Review
The World Health Organization estimated that more than 1.5 billion people are infected with soil-transmitted helminths globally, and foodborne trematodiases in humans cause ∼2 million life-years lost to disability and death worldwide every year. Investment in prevention, treatment, and awareness of helminth infections and discovery of new, safe, effective, and affordable anti-helminth drugs are urgently needed. Artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives have been widely used to treat malaria and other protozoan infections; they also possess activities against helminths. So far, many papers on ART and its derivatives against schistosomal infections have been reported and reviewed. This review attempts to summarize recent advances in the uses of ART and its derivatives to treat infections of helminth parasites other than Schistosoma spp. in both humans and animals, including nematodes (Toxocara canis, Trichinella spiralis, Haemonchus contortus, Meloidogyne spp., Globodera rostochiensis, and Xiphinema index), cestodes (Echinococcus spp. and Taenia crassiceps), trematodes (Echinostoma spp., Fasciola spp., Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus westermani, Heterophyes heterophyes, and Paramphistomum microbothrium), and monogenea parasites (Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus). We concluded that ART and its derivatives are potentially effective drugs for treating various helminthic diseases of public health significance.
Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Artemisinins; Helminthiasis; Helminths; Humans
PubMed: 29727708
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.025 -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Sep 2021Paragonimiasis, the disease caused by , is transmitted primarily by freshwater crabs in the Philippines. Human infection has been recorded, but there is a dearth of...
Paragonimiasis, the disease caused by , is transmitted primarily by freshwater crabs in the Philippines. Human infection has been recorded, but there is a dearth of published information on the extent of infection in animal reservoirs, particularly in crabs and snails. This study aimed to investigate the infection status and risk factors of in freshwater crabs and melaniid snails collected in an endemic village along Cadacan River in Irosin, Sorsogon, where human cases of paragonimiasis were previously reported. A total of 246 freshwater crabs (118 females, 128 males) were dissected, and the gills, muscles, gonads, and viscera were examined for the presence of metacercariae; of which, 41.87% were found infected. The metacercariae were recovered from the gills (100%) and muscle tissues (7.3%) of infected crabs. Male crabs were more likely to be infected (49.22%) than female crabs (33.90%) ( < 0.05). Moreover, 70.87% of crabs showed low parasite intensity levels at ≤ 30 metacercariae/g tissue. A negative weak correlation was observed between parasite intensity and crab weight and carapace length, i.e., highly infected crabs were found to be smaller in size. Meanwhile, only 12% of the 150 melaniid snails collected were positive with cercariae with and as the most infected species. Household survey conducted revealed that some knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the locals contribute to the sustained transmission of the parasite in this endemic area. These findings revealed that is still prevalent among intermediate hosts and that some social and environmental factors contributed to the sustained parasite transmission in this endemic community.
PubMed: 34475643
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01340-3 -
International Journal of Infectious... Aug 2023
Topics: Animals; Humans; Paragonimus westermani; Mediastinal Cyst; Paragonimiasis
PubMed: 37150353
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.05.001 -
Parasites & Vectors Sep 2016Paragonimiasis is an important and widespread neglected tropical disease. Fifteen Paragonimus species are human pathogens, but two of these, Paragonimus westermani and...
BACKGROUND
Paragonimiasis is an important and widespread neglected tropical disease. Fifteen Paragonimus species are human pathogens, but two of these, Paragonimus westermani and P. skrjabini, are responsible for the bulk of human disease. Despite their medical and economic significance, there is limited information on the gene content and expression of Paragonimus lung flukes.
RESULTS
The transcriptomes of adult P. westermani and P. skrjabini were studied with deep sequencing technology. Approximately 30 million reads per species were assembled into 21,586 and 25,825 unigenes for P. westermani and P. skrjabini, respectively. Many unigenes showed homology with sequences from other food-borne trematodes, but 1,217 high-confidence Paragonimus-specific unigenes were identified. Analyses indicated that both species have the potential for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism but not de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and that they may interact with host signaling pathways. Some 12,432 P. westermani and P. skrjabini unigenes showed a clear correspondence in bi-directional sequence similarity matches. The expression of shared unigenes was mostly well correlated, but differentially expressed unigenes were identified and shown to be enriched for functions related to proteolysis for P. westermani and microtubule based motility for P. skrjabini.
CONCLUSIONS
The assembled transcriptomes of P. westermani and P. skrjabini, inferred proteins, and extensive functional annotations generated for this project (including identified primary sequence similarities to various species, protein domains, biological pathways, predicted proteases, molecular mimics and secreted proteins, etc.) represent a valuable resource for hypothesis driven research on these medically and economically important species.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Brachyura; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Variation; Helminth Proteins; Host-Parasite Interactions; Metacercariae; Paragonimus; RNA, Helminth; Transcriptome
PubMed: 27619014
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1785-x -
IDCases 2022In 1936, Löeffler first recognized the association between a distinctive form of severe heart failure and marked eosinophilia. Most cases are caused by either parasitic...
In 1936, Löeffler first recognized the association between a distinctive form of severe heart failure and marked eosinophilia. Most cases are caused by either parasitic infections or drugs; however, no cause has been identified in one-third of the patients [1]. This report presents a rare case of Löeffler's syndrome caused by the parasite Paragonimus westermani.
PubMed: 35127453
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01427