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Seminars in Pediatric Surgery Dec 2014The peritoneum is commonly encountered in abdominal surgery. The development and rotation of the primitive gut tube lead to the normal adult arrangement of the... (Review)
Review
The peritoneum is commonly encountered in abdominal surgery. The development and rotation of the primitive gut tube lead to the normal adult arrangement of the peritoneal cavity, which forms bloodless planes allowing the retroperitoneal portions of the bowel to be safely mobilised. The arrangement of the peritoneum also forms spaces in which infected fluid or pus can collect. The microcirculation of peritoneal fluid is now well understood, and the large absorptive surface of the peritoneum can be exploited in peritoneal dialysis. The absorption of gas by the peritoneum following abdominal surgery is faster in neonates than in older children, and understanding this process contributes to the interpretation of post-operative radiographs.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Peritoneum
PubMed: 25459436
DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.002 -
The American Surgeon Nov 2021Carl Florian Toldt was an Austrian anatomist who made meaningful contributions worldwide and defined what is one of the most important surgical landmarks in abdominal...
Carl Florian Toldt was an Austrian anatomist who made meaningful contributions worldwide and defined what is one of the most important surgical landmarks in abdominal surgery. Through his research studies, the embryologic dissection plane known as the "White Line of Toldt" represents an important anatomical landmark that helps to mobilize either the ascending or descending colon. His career spanned over 45 years, beginning in Verona and continuing to Prague and Vienna. He was an author of several innovative books and scientific articles regarding micro- and macroscopic anatomy. In addition, he received numerous recognitions and prizes for his work, making him an essential figure in the medical scientific community. Even a street in Vienna, Karl-Toldt-Weg, is named in his honor. The purpose of this historical article is to celebrate and honor Toldt 100 years following his death, remembering his scientific contributions to the medical and surgical fields and giving thanks for his numerous accomplishments. This article brings light to the man behind the eponym.
Topics: Anatomy; Austria-Hungary; Colon; Dissection; Histology; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Italy; Mesocolon; Peritoneum; Retroperitoneal Space
PubMed: 33720793
DOI: 10.1177/0003134821991979 -
Clinical Imaging Mar 2022Primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC) is a rare primary peritoneal tumor characterized by a unique range of clinical features and imaging findings. Though it shares... (Review)
Review
Primary peritoneal serous carcinoma (PPSC) is a rare primary peritoneal tumor characterized by a unique range of clinical features and imaging findings. Though it shares many clinical, histologic, and imaging features with serous ovarian carcinoma, it remains a distinct clinical entity. Although less common than its primary ovarian counterpart, PPSC is characterized by a prognosis that is often equally poor with presentations common in late stages of disease. Key imaging modalities used in the evaluation of PPSC include ultrasound, CT, MRI, and PET/CT. For radiologists, an understanding of the pertinent imaging findings, pathologic correlations, and clinical features of PPSC is essential for arriving at the correct diagnosis and guiding the subsequent appropriate management of this complex malignancy.
Topics: Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous; Female; Humans; Ovarian Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Peritoneum; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Radiologists
PubMed: 34974267
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.12.007 -
Clinical Imaging 2018The canal of Nuck is the female equivalent of the processus vaginalis in the male but is less well known than its male counterpart. It is a rare entity not commonly... (Review)
Review
The canal of Nuck is the female equivalent of the processus vaginalis in the male but is less well known than its male counterpart. It is a rare entity not commonly encountered by radiologists, particularly in the adult population. Knowledge of the embryology and anatomy of the canal of Nuck is essential for identification of the various pathologic conditions that may occur in this location. Moreover, radiologists should be familiar with this entity to compose an appropriate and thorough differential diagnosis of a labial mass/swelling. In this review, we discuss both the anatomy and the more common pathology that can be encountered within it.
Topics: Hernia, Inguinal; Humans; Inguinal Canal; Peritoneum
PubMed: 29448124
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.02.003 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Most multicellular organisms have a major body cavity containing vital organs. This cavity is lined by a mucosa-like serosal surface and filled with serous fluid which... (Review)
Review
Most multicellular organisms have a major body cavity containing vital organs. This cavity is lined by a mucosa-like serosal surface and filled with serous fluid which suspends many immune cells. Injuries affecting the major body cavity are potentially life-threatening. Here we summarize evidence that unique damage detection and repair mechanisms have evolved to ensure immediate and swift repair of injuries at serosal surfaces. Furthermore, thousands of patients undergo surgery within the abdominal and thoracic cavities each day. While these surgeries are potentially lifesaving, some patients will suffer complications due to inappropriate scar formation when wound healing at serosal surfaces defects. These scars called adhesions cause profound challenges for health care systems and patients. Therefore, reviewing the mechanisms of wound repair at serosal surfaces is of clinical importance. Serosal surfaces will be introduced with a short embryological and microanatomical perspective followed by a discussion of the mechanisms of damage recognition and initiation of sterile inflammation at serosal surfaces. Distinct immune cells populations are free floating within the coelomic (peritoneal) cavity and contribute towards damage recognition and initiation of wound repair. We will highlight the emerging role of resident cavity GATA6+ macrophages in repairing serosal injuries and compare serosal (mesothelial) injuries with injuries to the blood vessel walls. This allows to draw some parallels such as the critical role of the mesothelium in regulating fibrin deposition and how peritoneal macrophages can aggregate in a platelet-like fashion in response to sterile injury. Then, we discuss how serosal wound healing can go wrong, causing adhesions. The current pathogenetic understanding of and potential future therapeutic avenues against adhesions are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Ascitic Fluid; Blood Platelets; Cell Aggregation; GATA6 Transcription Factor; Humans; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Peritoneum; Serous Membrane; Tissue Adhesions; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 34054877
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.684967 -
Radiological features and clinical implications of persistent congenital mesocolon: Pictorial essay.Journal of Medical Imaging and... Apr 2022In human foetus, the mesenteries that carry vascular and neural supply to the alimentary tube play an important role in its development and anatomical location within... (Review)
Review
In human foetus, the mesenteries that carry vascular and neural supply to the alimentary tube play an important role in its development and anatomical location within the abdominal cavity. The mesenteric attachments of the small bowel, transverse colon and sigmoid allow them to be intraperitoneally mobile structures. In contrast, the ascending and descending colon lose their mesenteries by fusion with the parietal peritoneum and become fixed in retroperitoneal position along the posterolateral walls of the abdomen. In about 2%-4% of individuals, this process is disrupted, causing a complete or partial retention of their congenital mesocolon. The ascending or descending colon will then remain intraperitoneally mobile, affecting the normal visceral anatomy and causing potential complications. This article reviews the spectrum of radiological manifestations and clinical consequences of these anomalies.
Topics: Colon, Sigmoid; Humans; Laparoscopy; Mesocolon; Peritoneum; Radiography
PubMed: 34747133
DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13347 -
Cellular Immunology Aug 2018Mammals and microorganisms have evolved a complex and tightly controlled mutual relationship. This interaction grants protection and energy source for the... (Review)
Review
Mammals and microorganisms have evolved a complex and tightly controlled mutual relationship. This interaction grants protection and energy source for the microorganisms, and on the other hand, provides several immunologic, metabolic and physiological advantages for the host. The gastrointestinal tract (GI) harbors the largest bacteria diversity within the body and complex mechanisms control microbiota community under homeostasis. However, once disrupted, microbiota imbalance can lead to overt growth of resident and invasive populations, with potential risk for lethal diseases. In these cases, bacteria might also escape from the intestines and reach different organs through the blood and lymphatic circulation. To control these unwanted conditions, all body tissues are populated with resident macrophages that have the ability to capture and eliminate pathogens, avoiding their dissemination. Here we discuss the different routes for bacterial translocation from the intestinal tract, and how macrophages act in the removal of these microorganisms to prevent systemic infections and restore the homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Homeostasis; Humans; Liver; Lung; Macrophages; Models, Immunological; Peritoneum
PubMed: 29422270
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.01.017 -
Der Radiologe Jan 2018Mesenterial and peritoneal inflammation represents a major clinical challenge regarding differential diagnosis. In this review article, a systematic overview of the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mesenterial and peritoneal inflammation represents a major clinical challenge regarding differential diagnosis. In this review article, a systematic overview of the most common causes such as autoimmune reaction, infarction with consecutive necrosis and infection caused by protozoa or bacteria is provided.
RESULTS
The common clinical features of all inflammatory peritoneal and mesenterial diseases are the nonspecific abdominal symptoms. Even in radiological imaging an overlap of imaging features such as lymphadenopathy and nodular mesenteric structures is typical. Frequently the radiologist can narrow the differential diagnosis based on clinical information and anamnesis resulting in an optimized clinical outcome.
CONCLUSION
Having a huge spectrum of etiologies for inflammatory peritoneal and mesenterial conditions the radiologist has to consider autoimmune diseases (IgG4-associated disease), acute infarction with necrosis and bacterial or protozoan infection.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Mesentery; Peritoneum; Radiography
PubMed: 29236138
DOI: 10.1007/s00117-017-0334-8 -
Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 2018Fibrosis and angiogenesis are the most common processes that result in progressive peritoneal tissue remodeling and, eventually, peritoneal membrane dysfunction. The... (Review)
Review
Fibrosis and angiogenesis are the most common processes that result in progressive peritoneal tissue remodeling and, eventually, peritoneal membrane dysfunction. The role of exosomes, which contributes to intercellular communication, in these processes has been neglected. Various biomolecules, including DNA, mRNA, proteins, lipids, and particular certain miRNAs, can be transferred by exosomes to local, neighboring and distal cells. Upon stimulation by cytokines or other microenvironment stimuli, donor cells release a mass of exosomes to peritoneal mesothelial cells, further affecting fibrosis and angiogenesis. This important exosomes-mediated intracellular communication is thought to regulate peritoneal membrane function. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of these processes, targeting changes in exosomes and regulating exosomal miRNAs will advance therapeutic methods for protecting peritoneal membrane function.
Topics: Cell Communication; Exosomes; Fibrosis; Humans; Membranes; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Peritoneum
PubMed: 29940564
DOI: 10.1159/000490821 -
BioMed Research International 2015Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan composed of repeated disaccharide units of alternating D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine... (Review)
Review
Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan composed of repeated disaccharide units of alternating D-glucuronic acid and D-N-acetylglucosamine residues linked via alternating β-1,4 and β-1,3 glycosidic bonds. HA is synthesized in humans by HA synthase (HAS) enzymes 1, 2, and 3, which are encoded by the corresponding HAS genes. Previous in vitro studies have shown characteristic changes in HAS expression and increased HA synthesis in response to wounding and proinflammatory cytokines in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. In addition, in vivo models and human peritoneal biopsy samples have provided evidence of changes in HA metabolism in the fibrosis that at present accompanies peritoneal dialysis treatment. This review discusses these published observations and how they might contribute to improvement in peritoneal dialysis.
Topics: Dialysis Solutions; Epithelium; Extracellular Matrix; Fibroblasts; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Models, Biological; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneum
PubMed: 26550568
DOI: 10.1155/2015/427038