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Journal of Toxicology and Environmental... 2019This investigation aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to determine whether exposure to the herbicide paraquat was associated with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This investigation aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to determine whether exposure to the herbicide paraquat was associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Observational studies that enrolled adults exposed to paraquat with PD as the outcome of interest were searched in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, TOXNET, and Web of Science databases up to May 2019. Two authors independently selected relevant studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. The evidence certainty was assessed by the GRADE approach, which served as basis for a tentative causality assessment, supplemented by the Bradford Hill criteria when necessary. Results from nine case-control studies indicated that PD occurrence was 25% higher in participants exposed to paraquat. The only cohort investigation included demonstrated a non-significant OR of 1.08. Results from subgroup analyses also indicated higher PD frequency in participants that were exposed to paraquat for longer periods or individuals co-exposed with paraquat and any other dithiocarbamate. Data indicate apositive association between exposure to paraquat and PD occurrence, but the weight-of-evidence does not enable one to assume an indisputable cause-effect relationship between these two conditions. Better designed studies are needed to increase confidence in results. : PROSPERO CRD42017069994.
Topics: Adult; Herbicides; Humans; Paraquat; Parkinson Disease; Research Design; Time Factors
PubMed: 31476981
DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1659197 -
The Journal of the Association of... Nov 2019
Topics: Paraquat; Poisoning
PubMed: 31793275
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular Neurobiology Jun 2022Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the cardinal features of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability,... (Review)
Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the cardinal features of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability, in addition to other non-motor symptoms. Pathologically, PD is attributed to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, with the hallmark of the presence of intracellular protein aggregates of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies. The pathogenesis of PD is still yet to be fully elucidated due to the multifactorial nature of the disease. However, a myriad of studies has indicated several intracellular events in triggering apoptotic neuronal cell death in PD. These include oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alteration in dopamine catabolism, inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase, and decreased levels of neurotrophic factors. Laboratory studies using the herbicide paraquat in different in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the induction of many PD pathological features. The selective neurotoxicity induced by paraquat has brought a new dawn in our perspectives about the pathophysiology of PD. Epidemiological data have suggested an increased risk of developing PD in the human population exposed to paraquat for a long term. This model has opened new frontiers in the quest for new therapeutic targets for PD. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the relationship between the exposure of paraquat and the pathogenesis of PD in in vitro and in vivo models.
Topics: Apoptosis; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Nerve Degeneration; Paraquat; Parkinson Disease; Substantia Nigra
PubMed: 35306641
DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02799-2 -
Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue Nov 2017Paraquat (PQ) as a kind of sterile and herbicides, has effects of contact-kill and systemic action, which can be absorbed quickly by green plants and make them wither... (Review)
Review
Paraquat (PQ) as a kind of sterile and herbicides, has effects of contact-kill and systemic action, which can be absorbed quickly by green plants and make them wither and die. Therefore, it is widely used in the agricultural production and occupies a large part in our country's pesticide market. PQ poisoning has become one of the most common pesticide poisoning in our country. PQ can be passivated when combining with soil, but it has great toxicity for human. There are still no specific antidotes for PQ poisoning at home and abroad, and the death rate of PQ oral poisoning is up to 95%. Clinically comprehensive treatment is adopted, including gastric lavage, intentional diarrhea, diuresis and blood perfusion. However, the therapeutic effect is not good and the case fatality rate keeps high. It has become one of the hot issues for emergency medicine study to search PQ's special efficiency measures. This paper briefly reviews PQ's poisoning mechanism and its clinical treatment progress to provide new exploration direction and treatment ideas for basic research and clinical treatment of PQ.
Topics: Herbicides; Humans; Paraquat; Poisoning
PubMed: 29151425
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4352.2017.11.018 -
International Immunopharmacology Dec 2022Paraquat poisoning is a severe health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Due to its severe toxicity, the mortality rate of paraquat poisoning is... (Review)
Review
Paraquat poisoning is a severe health problem globally, particularly in developing countries. Due to its severe toxicity, the mortality rate of paraquat poisoning is greatly higher than other pesticide poisoning. Paraquat accumulates in the lung by specific polyamine uptake and causes a great amount of reactive oxygen species generation induced by redox cycling. Free radicals can further cause cellular damage via lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in many organs including lung, liver, and kidney. The potential mechanisms of paraquat toxicity in the lung are extremely complicated. In this review, the biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiological process of paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity are systematically elaborated based on previous studies. Furthermore, the signaling pathways including Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, TLRs, PPAR-γ, MAPKs, AMPK, Rho/ROCK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, TGF-β/Smad, and Wnt/β-catenin and the potential therapeutic drugs are comprehensively summarized. Further studies are still required to evaluate the efficacy of these drugs in the future.
Topics: Paraquat; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Lipid Peroxidation; Lung; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 36279672
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109301 -
Environmental Research Apr 2016Paraquat and diquat are among the most commonly used herbicides in the world.
BACKGROUND
Paraquat and diquat are among the most commonly used herbicides in the world.
OBJECTIVES
Determine the magnitude, characteristics, and root causes for acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US METHODS: Illnesses associated with paraquat or diquat exposure occurring from 1998 through 2011 were identified from the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)-Pesticides Program, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program (PISP), and the Incident Data System (IDS). Cases identified by the National Poison Data System (NPDS) were reviewed for the years 1998-2003 and 2006-2013.
RESULTS
A total of 300 paraquat- and 144 diquat-related acute illnesses were identified by SENSOR, PISP, and IDS. NPDS identified 693 paraquat- and 2128 diquat-related acute illnesses. In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, illnesses were commonly low severity (paraquat=41%; diquat=81%); however, SENSOR/PISP/IDS identified 24 deaths caused by paraquat and 5 deaths associated with diquat. Nineteen paraquat-related deaths were due to ingestion, seven of which were unintentional, often due to improper storage in beverage bottles. In SENSOR/PISP/IDS, paraquat and diquat-related acute illnesses were work-related in 68% (n=203) and 29% (n=42) of cases, respectively. When herbicide application site was known, the vast majority of acute paraquat-related illnesses (81%) arose from agricultural applications. Common root causes of illness were failure to use adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), application equipment failure, and spill/splash of herbicide.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the magnitude of acute paraquat/diquat-related illnesses was relatively low, several fatalities were identified. Many illnesses could be prevented through stricter compliance with label requirements (e.g. ensuring proper herbicide storage and PPE use), and through enhanced training of certified applicators.
Topics: Accidents, Occupational; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Diquat; Environmental Exposure; Female; Herbicides; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Paraquat; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 26775000
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.003 -
Medicine Jul 2017The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score is used to determine disease severity and predict outcomes in critically ill patients. However,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score is used to determine disease severity and predict outcomes in critically ill patients. However, the prognostic significance of APACHE after acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning remains unclear. The meta-analysis was aimed to study the value of APACHE II in predicting mortality in PQ-exposed Chinese and Korean patients.
METHODS
Databases that included PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched through August 2016. Studies using APACHE II to predict mortality in PQ-poisoned patients were selected. The odds ratio and weighted mean difference (WMD) were used to pool binary and continuous data. Additionally, we aggregated sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy. Statistical analyses were made using the Stata V.13.0 software.
RESULTS
This study included 29 studies, and 25 studies evaluated APACHE II scores on admission. Pooled data showed that survivors had significantly lower total scores than nonsurvivors (WMD = -7.29, and I = 98.2%, both P <.05). The pooled sensitivity of an APACHE II score ≥5 for predicting mortality was 75% and the pooled specificity was 86%. The positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 5.3 and the negative likelihood ratio (NLR) was 0.29. The pooled sensitivity of an APACHE II score ≥10 for predicting mortality was 88% and the pooled specificity was 84%. The pooled PLR and NLR was 5.5 and 0.15, respectively.
CONCLUSION
This study showed PQ-poisoned nonsurvivors had significantly higher APACHE II score than did survivors. APACHE II scores satisfactorily predicted mortality.
Topics: APACHE; China; Herbicides; Humans; Mortality; Paraquat; Prognosis; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 28746171
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006838 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2021Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride) is a toxic herbicide. Accidental ingestion of paraquat in animals and humans causes respiratory failure and death.
BACKGROUND
Paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride) is a toxic herbicide. Accidental ingestion of paraquat in animals and humans causes respiratory failure and death.
AIM
To describe the radiographic features of confirmed paraquat intoxication in a group of dogs and determines whether any identified features can facilitate this diagnosis.
METHODS
Eleven dogs diagnosed with paraquat intoxication were selected from two institutions between November 2014 and August 2019 comprising five males (all intact) and six females (one intact and five spayed). The mean age was 3.9 ± 2.9 (SD) years and their mean weight was 11.6 ± 5.0 kg. The tentative diagnosis was confirmed through analysis of their urine samples using a colorimetric assay (paraquat concentation 0.39 μg/ml ranging from 0.19-0.65 μg/ml), and their clinical signs were reviewed. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated for the presence of pneumomediastinum, lung patterns (interstitial or alveolar) and their locations (caudodorsal, cranioventral, diffuse, or symmetrical), subcutaneous emphysema, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumothorax.
RESULTS
The most common clinical signs were dyspnea (11/11, 100%) and anorexia (9/11, 82%). Pneumomediastinum (10/11, 91%) and symmetrically increased lung opacity (7/11, 65%) were the most common radiographic features. Pneumothorax (3/11, 27%), pleural effusion (3/11, 27%), subcutaneous emphysema (2/11, 18%), and pneumoretroperitoneum (1/5, 20%) were the less common findings. None of the dogs survived.
CONCLUSION
Pneumomediastinum and diffuse or symmetrical interstitial or alveolar lung patterns are the most common radiographic features in dogs with paraquat intoxication.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In countries where this herbicide is not banned, paraquat intoxication should be considered if dogs with no history of trauma present with pneumomediastinum.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Male; Mediastinal Emphysema; Paraquat; Pneumothorax; Radiography; Retropneumoperitoneum; Subcutaneous Emphysema; Thorax
PubMed: 34223806
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1950945 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Jul 2022Adaptation of higher plants to extreme environmental conditions is under complex regulation. Several small peptides have recently been described to modulate responses to...
Adaptation of higher plants to extreme environmental conditions is under complex regulation. Several small peptides have recently been described to modulate responses to stress conditions. The Small Paraquat resistance protein (SPQ) of Lepidium crassifolium has previously been identified due to its capacity to confer paraquat resistance to overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Here, we show that overexpression of the closely related Arabidopsis SPQ can also enhance resistance to paraquat, while the Arabidopsis spq1 mutant is slightly hypersensitive to this herbicide. Besides being implicated in paraquat response, overexpression of SPQs enhanced sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA), and the knockout spq1 mutant was less sensitive to ABA. Both Lepidium- and Arabidopsis-derived SPQs could improve drought tolerance by reducing water loss, stabilizing photosynthetic electron transport and enhancing plant viability and survival in a water-limited environment. Enhanced drought tolerance of SPQ-overexpressing plants could be confirmed by characterizing various parameters of growth, morphology and photosynthesis using an automatic plant phenotyping platform with RGB and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Our results suggest that SPQs can be regulatory small proteins connecting ROS and ABA regulation and through that influence responses to certain stresses.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Droughts; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Lepidium; Paraquat; Plants, Genetically Modified; Stress, Physiological; Transcription Factors; Water
PubMed: 35486392
DOI: 10.1111/pce.14338 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Nov 2014Paraquat (PQ) has known negative human health effects, but continues to be commonly used worldwide as a herbicide. Our clinical data shows that the main prognostic... (Review)
Review
Paraquat (PQ) has known negative human health effects, but continues to be commonly used worldwide as a herbicide. Our clinical data shows that the main prognostic factor is the time required to achieve a negative urine dithionite test. Patient survival is a 100% when the area affected by ground glass opacity is <20% of the total lung volume on high-resolution computed tomography imaging 7 days post-PQ ingestion. The incidence of acute kidney injury is approximately 50%. The average serum creatinine level reaches its peak around 5 days post-ingestion, and usually normalizes within 3 weeks. We obtain two connecting lines from the highest PQ level for the survivors and the lowest PQ level among the non-survivors at a given time. Patients with a PQ level between these two lines are considered treatable. The following treatment modalities are recommended to preserve kidney function: 1) extracorporeal elimination, 2) intravenous antioxidant administration, 3) diuresis with a fluid, and 4) cytotoxic drugs. In conclusion, this review provides a general overview on the diagnostic procedure and treatment modality of acute PQ intoxication, while focusing on our clinical experience.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Antioxidants; Creatinine; Hemoperfusion; Herbicides; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Lung Diseases; Paraquat; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 25408572
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.11.1441