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Biomedical Journal Apr 2022Healthy sleep is of utmost importance for growth, development, and overall health. Strong evidence shows that sleep is affected negatively in patients and particularly... (Review)
Review
Healthy sleep is of utmost importance for growth, development, and overall health. Strong evidence shows that sleep is affected negatively in patients and particularly children with Tourette Disorder (TD). There is also a frequent association of TD with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) which alone has negative effects on sleep and cumulatively worsens the associated sleep findings. The most consistent polysomnographic findings in patients with TD is decreased total sleep time, lower sleep efficiency and an elevated arousal index. Polysomnography studies have confirmed the presence of movements and persistence of tics during both Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and NREM sleep [1]. In general Patients with TD are found to have an increased incidence of sleep onset and sleep maintenance insomnia. Some studies have shown increased incidence of parasomnias (including sleepwalking, sleep talking and night terrors), but this may be confounded by the increased underlying sleep disruptions seen in TD. The hypersomnolence found in patients with TD is also suggested to be secondary to the underlying TD sleep disruption. There is not a significant association with sleep disordered breathing or circadian rhythm disorders and TD. Treatment of underlying TD is important for the improvement of sleep related TD manifestations and is outlined in this review.
Topics: Arousal; Child; Humans; Parasomnias; Polysomnography; Sleep; Tourette Syndrome
PubMed: 35031507
DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.01.002 -
Pediatric Pulmonology Aug 2022Asthma and sleep disorders are both common in childhood, and often co-exist in the same child. Moreover, studies have shown that in many children the rate of one is... (Review)
Review
Asthma and sleep disorders are both common in childhood, and often co-exist in the same child. Moreover, studies have shown that in many children the rate of one is influenced by the other. Sleep disorders can be classified into six different groups-insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, movement disorders, circadian disorders, and sleep-related breathing disorders. Children with asthma often present with complaints of insomnia with poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep and sleep disruptions. These complains are often associated with asthma control. They may also complain of daytime sleepiness and have higher rates of parasomnias, such as night terrors and nocturnal enuresis when compared with their healthy peers. Whether movement and circadian disorders are also more prevalent in children with asthma is less clear. Finally, there is a complex bidirectional interaction between sleep-related breathing disorders and asthma: poor sleep and sleep disorders may worsen asthma, and asthma, particularly when it is poorly controlled, may impair sleep. In the current review we examine the association of each of the sleep disorders with asthma and review the common pathophysiological pathways. We hope to convince the reader that appropriate management of asthma must include inquiries into the patient's sleep, and vice versa.
Topics: Asthma; Child; Humans; Parasomnias; Sleep; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Sleep Wake Disorders
PubMed: 33647191
DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25264 -
The Psychiatric Clinics of North America Dec 2015Primary sleep disorders include those not attributable to another medical or psychiatric condition: insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy, obstructive... (Review)
Review
Primary sleep disorders include those not attributable to another medical or psychiatric condition: insomnia disorder, hypersomnolence disorder, narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, central sleep apnea syndrome, and the parasomnias. They are commonly encountered and are comorbid with many psychiatric disorders. It is important to recognize these disorders and be comfortable treating them or to know when to refer to a sleep disorders center and sleep specialist. Treatment of a comorbid sleep disorder can improve the overall quality of life, symptoms in mood disorders, and symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness, and decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Disorders of Excessive Somnolence; Humans; Narcolepsy; Parasomnias; Restless Legs Syndrome; Risk Factors; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 26600103
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2015.08.002 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Jun 2021Early-onset restless legs syndrome has a relatively high prevalence in pediatrics, is highly familial, and is often preceded by a diagnosis of periodic limb movement... (Review)
Review
Early-onset restless legs syndrome has a relatively high prevalence in pediatrics, is highly familial, and is often preceded by a diagnosis of periodic limb movement disorder or childhood insomnia. Diagnostic criteria are derived but not equal to those of the adult syndrome and are adapted according to children's age and linguistic competence. Diagnosis requires parents or caregivers to participate; video-polysomnographic nocturnal recording, although not mandatory, may help confirm dubious cases. The syndrome severely impacts children's sleep and cognitive-behavioral abilities. Iron supplementation is currently the most used and viable therapeutic option.
Topics: Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Mass Screening; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Restless Legs Syndrome
PubMed: 33985655
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.006 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Jun 2021Restless sleep disorder is (RSD) a condition characterized by frequent large movements during sleep associated with daytime impairment. RSD has been studied in children... (Review)
Review
Restless sleep disorder is (RSD) a condition characterized by frequent large movements during sleep associated with daytime impairment. RSD has been studied in children aged 6 to 18 years. Polysomnography is necessary for the diagnosis of RSD. The current diagnostic criteria include more than 5 large movements per hour of sleep documented by PSG. The pathophysiology is not known yet, but iron deficiency and sleep instability and increased sympathetic activation are suspected to play a role. Iron supplementation is the only treatment option studied so far.
Topics: Humans; Parasomnias; Polysomnography
PubMed: 33985662
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.03.003 -
Sleep Medicine Reviews Dec 2014Exploding head syndrome is characterized by the perception of abrupt, loud noises when going to sleep or waking up. They are usually painless, but associated with fear... (Review)
Review
Exploding head syndrome is characterized by the perception of abrupt, loud noises when going to sleep or waking up. They are usually painless, but associated with fear and distress. In spite of the fact that its characteristic symptomatology was first described approximately 150 y ago, exploding head syndrome has received relatively little empirical and clinical attention. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the scientific literature using Medline, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and PubMed was undertaken. After first discussing the history, prevalence, and associated features, the available polysomnography data and five main etiological theories for exploding head syndrome are summarized. None of these theories has yet reached dominance in the field. Next, the various methods used to assess and treat exploding head syndrome are discussed, as well as the limited outcome data. Finally, recommendations for future measure construction, treatment options, and differential diagnosis are provided.
Topics: Auditory Perception; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Polysomnography; Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders; Syndrome
PubMed: 24703829
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.001 -
Neurologic Clinics May 2023Sleep disorders in women remain underrecognized and underdiagnosed mainly because of gender bias in researching and characterizing sleep disorders in women. Symptoms of... (Review)
Review
Sleep disorders in women remain underrecognized and underdiagnosed mainly because of gender bias in researching and characterizing sleep disorders in women. Symptoms of common sleep disorders are frequently missed in the general female population and are expected to be further overlooked because of overlapping symptoms in women with neurologic disorders. Given the bidirectional relationship with sleep and neurologic disorders, it remains critical to be aware of the presentation and impact of sleep disorders in this patient population. This article reviews available data on sleep disorders in women with neurologic disorders and discusses their distinctive features.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Sexism; Sleep; Nervous System Diseases; Sleep Wake Disorders; Restless Legs Syndrome
PubMed: 37030959
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.01.004 -
Sleep Medicine Clinics Mar 2024Although many sleep-related behaviors are benign, others can result in physical or sexual aggression toward bed partners or others. Individuals who engage in... (Review)
Review
Although many sleep-related behaviors are benign, others can result in physical or sexual aggression toward bed partners or others. Individuals who engage in sleep-related violence (SRV) and sexual behavior in sleep (SBS) may face legal sanctions for their behavior. Attorneys or legal decision-makers may call on an expert to evaluate a defendant and opine about the veracity of an alleged parasomnia diagnosis, the criminal responsibility of the defendant, and his risk of violence to others. This article reviews the phenomena of SRV and SBS and guides evaluators in the forensic considerations relevant to parasomnias.
Topics: Humans; Parasomnias; Sexual Behavior; Sleep
PubMed: 38368065
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.10.010 -
Current Pain and Headache Reports Jul 2018To explain our current understanding of exploding head syndrome (EHS), an unusual and underreported sensory parasomnia. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To explain our current understanding of exploding head syndrome (EHS), an unusual and underreported sensory parasomnia.
RECENT FINDINGS
Based on findings from recent studies of EHS, the prevalence is higher than previously suggested by the literature, which historically has consisted mostly of case reports. The typical presentation also has been better illustrated by recent case series, and diagnostic criteria have been defined. Its pathophysiology is still unclear. EHS is underrecognized and its symptoms are alarming, but a review of our current state of knowledge will allow physicians to make a diagnosis of this benign condition with greater confidence.
Topics: Humans; Parasomnias; Prevalence; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Syndrome
PubMed: 30062616
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-018-0717-1 -
Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.) Aug 2020The presentation of sleep issues in childhood differs from the presentation in adulthood and may be more subtle. Sleep issues may affect children differently than... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The presentation of sleep issues in childhood differs from the presentation in adulthood and may be more subtle. Sleep issues may affect children differently than adults, and distinct treatment approaches are often used in children.
RECENT FINDINGS
Sodium oxybate was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in October 2018 for an expanded indication of treatment of sleepiness or cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy type 1 or narcolepsy type 2 aged 7 years or older, with side effect and safety profiles similar to those seen in adults. Restless sleep disorder is a recently proposed entity in which restless sleep, daytime sleepiness, and often iron deficiency are observed, but children do not meet the criteria for restless legs syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder.
SUMMARY
Children's sleep is discussed in this article, including normal sleep patterns and effects of insufficient sleep. Sleep disorders of childhood are reviewed, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, parasomnias, narcolepsy, and Kleine-Levin syndrome. Children with neurologic issues or neurodevelopmental disorders frequently have sleep disorders arising from an interaction of heterogeneous factors. Further attention to sleep may often be warranted through a polysomnogram or referral to a pediatric sleep specialist. Sleep disorders may cause indelible effects on children's cognitive functioning, general health, and well-being, and awareness of sleep disorders is imperative for neurologists who treat children.
Topics: Child; Humans; Kleine-Levin Syndrome; Narcolepsy; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Parasomnias; Restless Legs Syndrome; Sleep; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 32756235
DOI: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000897