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The Journal of Laryngology and Otology Nov 2023Revision parathyroidectomy is made necessary by recurrent or persistent parathyroid disease. This study aimed to identify challenges in revision surgery compared to...
OBJECTIVE
Revision parathyroidectomy is made necessary by recurrent or persistent parathyroid disease. This study aimed to identify challenges in revision surgery compared to primary parathyroid surgery.
METHODS
All revision parathyroidectomies performed by one surgeon over a 17-year period were assessed for demographics, imaging, histology, biochemistry, cure rate, gland weight, gland location and gland ectopia, and compared to a series of 100 primary parathyroidectomies.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight revision surgical procedures were identified. Sestamibi scanning for gland localisation was superior to ultrasound in both primary and revision surgery. Pre-operative calcium and gland weight were significantly higher in revision cases. There were no significant differences in post-operative calcium levels, pre- or post-operative parathyroid hormone levels, or gland location. 36 per cent of glands excised in revision surgery were ectopic, compared to 25 per cent in primary procedures. The cure rate was significantly lower in revision surgery.
CONCLUSION
Revision parathyroidectomy patients present with higher pre-operative calcium and larger adenomas; the cure rate is significantly lower in these patients.
Topics: Humans; Calcium; Reoperation; Parathyroid Glands; Parathyroidectomy; Parathyroid Hormone
PubMed: 36938821
DOI: 10.1017/S002221512300049X -
PloS One 2020Ultrasonographic examination of the normal thyroid and parathyroid glands has been described for humans and many animal species. However, similar reports for goats are...
Ultrasonographic examination of the normal thyroid and parathyroid glands has been described for humans and many animal species. However, similar reports for goats are still missing. The aim of the study was to present ultrasound features of the normal thyroid and internal parathyroid glands in goats with the determination of their dimensions and volume, followed by a comparison of the results to the gross examination. Seventy-two goats were used in the study. The echostructure and echogenicity of the thyroid and parathyroid glands were assessed. The length, width and height of the thyroid and the length and width of the parathyroid glands were measured. The thyroid volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula, basing on the ultrasonographic dimensions. Size and volume of the dissected thyroid glands were established grossly, followed by a histological examination. In order to accurately describe the anatomy of the thyroid, new anatomical terminology characterizing this gland was proposed. The mean dimensions of the thyroid lobes were 30.2 x 10.5 x 6.3 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left lobe. Parathyroid glands measured an average of 3.6 x 2.4 mm. The percentage Root Mean Square Error between the results of ultrasonographic and gross examination was 16.73%, 20.65% and 17.01% for thyroid length, width and height, respectively, and 46.30% for volume. In order to obtain more precise calculation of the thyroid volume, a modified correction factor for the ellipsoid formula was introduced. For the first time, the normal ultrasonographic characteristics and dimensions of the caprine thyroid and internal parathyroid glands were presented. The results may serve as a radiological reference and be the basis for further research.
Topics: Animals; Female; Goats; Parathyroid Glands; Thyroid Gland; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 32470047
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233685 -
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Jun 2021
Topics: Cicatrix; Humans; Parathyroid Glands; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy
PubMed: 34191416
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000381 -
Physiological Reports Apr 2019Altered parathyroid gland biology in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major contributor to chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). This...
Altered parathyroid gland biology in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major contributor to chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). This disorder is associated with an increased risk of bone disorders, vascular calcification, and cardiovascular events. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is primarily regulated by the ionized calcium concentration as well as the phosphate concentration in the extracellular fluid and vitamin D. The metabolic disturbances in patients with CKD lead to alterations in the parathyroid gland biology. A hallmark of CKD is secondary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by an increased production and release of PTH, reduced expression of calcium-sensing and vitamin D receptors on the surface of parathyroid cells, and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of these cells. These alterations happen on different timescales and influence each other, thereby triggering a cascade of negative and positive feedback loops in a highly complex manner. Due to this complexity, mathematical models are a useful tool to break down the patterns of the multidimensional cascade of processes enabling the detailed study of subsystems. Here, we introduce a comprehensive mathematical model that includes the major adaptive mechanisms governing the production, secretion, and degradation of PTH in patients with CKD on hemodialysis. Combined with models for medications targeting the parathyroid gland, it provides a ready-to-use tool to explore treatment strategies. While the model is of particular interest for use in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, it has the potential to be applicable to other clinical scenarios such as primary hyperparathyroidism or hypo- and hypercalcemia.
Topics: Calcium; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary; Models, Theoretical; Parathyroid Glands; Parathyroid Hormone; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 30927339
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14045 -
Journal of Surgical Oncology Jun 2017Near-infrared fluorescence imaging in endocrine surgery is a new, yet highly investigated area. It involves indocyanine green use as well as parathyroid... (Review)
Review
Near-infrared fluorescence imaging in endocrine surgery is a new, yet highly investigated area. It involves indocyanine green use as well as parathyroid autofluorescence. Several groups have described their technique and reported on the observed utility. However, there is no consensus on technical details. Furthermore, the correlation between intraoperative findings and postoperative outcomes is unclear. With this study, we aim to review the current literature on fluorescence imaging and share our insights on technical details.
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Coloring Agents; Endocrine Surgical Procedures; Humans; Indocyanine Green; Intraoperative Care; Liver Neoplasms; Parathyroid Glands; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 28205245
DOI: 10.1002/jso.24583 -
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology Jun 2022Computer-aided examination of digital tissue images has attracted attention in recent years. Application in the field of parathyroid pathology has not been studied...
BACKGROUND
Computer-aided examination of digital tissue images has attracted attention in recent years. Application in the field of parathyroid pathology has not been studied previously. It holds a potential to assist in the examination of parathyroid gland adenoma or hyperplasia.
OBJECTIVES
To explore parathyroid cell detection of slide images by digital tissue analysis and compare the results to standard human processing.
METHODS
47 incisional biopsies of healthy appearing parathyroid glands were evaluated for their cellularity level. First, by the standard examination using microscopy by three independent pathologists. We compared the mean cellularity grading of the pathologists to the output of a computerized cell detection software.
RESULTS
A disagreement was found between the standard human cellularity grading and the digital analysis output. However, the digital analysis reaches a 94% specificity and 48% sensitivity to predict high cellularity (>60% parenchymal cells).
CONCLUSIONS
Digital analysis of parathyroid tissue can be used as a tool for hypercellularity elimination, therefore assisting in the diagnosis of parathyroid cell hyperplasia. Additional studies using more advanced algorithms are necessary for further precision enhancement.
Topics: Adenoma; Humans; Hyperplasia; Parathyroid Glands; Parathyroid Neoplasms; Parathyroidectomy
PubMed: 35299079
DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.151907 -
Physiological Research Apr 2022Inconclusive preoperative imaging is a strong predictor of multiglandular parathyroid disease (MGD) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MGD was...
Inconclusive preoperative imaging is a strong predictor of multiglandular parathyroid disease (MGD) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MGD was investigated in a cohort of 17 patients with PHPT (mean age 64.9 years, total calcium 2.75 mmol/l and parathyroid hormone (PTH) 113.3 ng/l) who underwent 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT (FCH) imaging before surgery. The initial MIBI SPECT scintigraphy (MIBI) and/or neck ultrasound were not conclusive or did not localize all pathological parathyroid glands, and PHPT persisted after surgery. Sporadic MGD was present in 4 of 17 patients with PHPT (24 %). In 3 of 4 patients with MGD, FCH correctly localized 6 pathological parathyroid glands and surgery was successful. Excised parathyroid glands were smaller (p <0.02) and often hyperplastic in MGD than in single gland disease. In two individuals with MGD, excision of a hyperplastic parathyroid gland led to a false positive decline in intraoperative PTH and/or postoperative serum calcium. Although in one patient it was associated with partial false negativity, parathyroid imaging with FCH seemed to be superior to neck ultrasound and/or MIBI scintigraphy in MGD.
Topics: Aged; Calcium; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism, Primary; Middle Aged; Parathyroid Glands; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi
PubMed: 35275696
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934851 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021As part of a systematic investigation of the glycosphingolipids in human tissues, acid and non-acid glycosphingolipids from human thyroid and parathyroid glands were...
As part of a systematic investigation of the glycosphingolipids in human tissues, acid and non-acid glycosphingolipids from human thyroid and parathyroid glands were isolated and characterized with mass spectrometry and binding of carbohydrate-recognizing ligands, with a focus on complex compounds. The glycosphingolipid patterns of the human parathyroid and thyroid glands were very similar. The major acid glycosphingolipids were sulfatide and the gangliosides GM3, GD3, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b and Neu5Ac-neolactotetraosylceramide, and the major non-acid glycosphingolipids were globotriaosylceramide and globoside. We also found neolactotetra- and neolactohexaosylceramide, the x glycosphingolipid, and complex glycosphingolipids with terminal blood group O and A determinants in both tissues. A glycosphingolipid with blood group Le determinant was identified in the thyroid gland, and the parathyroid sample had a glycosphingolipid with terminal blood group B determinant. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the expression of blood group A antigens in both the thyroid and parathyroid glands. A weak cytoplasmatic expression of the GD1a ganglioside was present in the thyroid, while the parathyroid gland had a strong GD1a expression on the cell surface. Thus, the glycosylation of human thyroid and parathyroid glands is more complex than previously appreciated. Our findings provide a platform for further studies of alterations of cell surface glycosphingolipids in thyroid and parathyroid cancers.
Topics: Blood Group Antigens; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Gangliosides; Glycosphingolipids; Humans; Ligands; Mass Spectrometry; Organ Specificity; Parathyroid Glands; Thyroid Gland
PubMed: 34208903
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137044 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023The bone matrix protein osteocalcin (OC), secreted by osteoblasts, displays endocrine effects. We tested the hypothesis that OC modulates parathyroid tumor cell function.
INTRODUCTION
The bone matrix protein osteocalcin (OC), secreted by osteoblasts, displays endocrine effects. We tested the hypothesis that OC modulates parathyroid tumor cell function.
METHODS
Primary cell cultures derived from parathyroid adenomas (PAds) and HEK293 cells transiently transfected with the putative OC receptor GPRC6A or the calcium sensing receptor (CASR) were used as experimental models to investigate γ-carboxylated OC (GlaOC) or uncarboxylated OC (GluOC) modulation of intracellular signaling.
RESULTS
In primary cell cultures derived from PAds, incubation with GlaOC or GluOC modulated intracellular signaling, inhibiting pERK/ERK and increasing active β-catenin levels. GlaOC increased the expression of and , and reduced and . GluOC stimulated transcription of , and inhibited expression. Moreover, GlaOC and GluOC reduced staurosporin-induced caspase 3/7 activity. The putative OC receptor GPRC6A was detected in normal and tumor parathyroids at membrane or cytoplasmic level in cells scattered throughout the parenchyma. In PAds, the membrane expression levels of GPRC6A and its closest homolog CASR positively correlated; GPRC6A protein levels positively correlated with circulating ionized and total calcium, and PTH levels of the patients harboring the analyzed PAds. Using HEK293A transiently transfected with either GPRC6A or CASR, and PAds-derived cells silenced for , we showed that GlaOC and GluOC modulated pERK/ERK and active β-catenin mainly through CASR activation.
CONCLUSION
Parathyroid gland emerges as a novel target of the bone secreted hormone osteocalcin, which may modulate tumor parathyroid CASR sensitivity and parathyroid cell apoptosis.
Topics: Humans; Parathyroid Glands; Parathyroid Neoplasms; Osteocalcin; beta Catenin; HEK293 Cells; Receptors, Calcium-Sensing
PubMed: 37065733
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1129930 -
Nutrients Dec 2018In chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperphosphatemia induces fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) expression that disturbs renal 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25D)... (Review)
Review
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperphosphatemia induces fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) expression that disturbs renal 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25D) synthesis; thereby increasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) production. FGF-23 acts on the parathyroid gland (PTG) to increase 1α-hydroxylase activity and results in increase intra-gland 1,25D production that attenuates PTH secretion efficiently if sufficient 25D are available. Interesting, calcimimetics can further increase PTG 1α-hydroxylase activity that emphasizes the demand for nutritional vitamin D (NVD) under high PTH status. In addition, the changes in hydroxylase enzyme activity highlight the greater parathyroid 25-hydroxyvitmain D (25D) requirement in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT); the higher proportion of oxyphil cells as hyperplastic parathyroid progression; lower cytosolic vitamin D binding protein (DBP) content in the oxyphil cell; and calcitriol promote vitamin D degradation are all possible reasons supports nutritional vitamin D (NVD; e.g., Cholecalciferol) supplement is crucial in SHPT. Clinically, NVD can effectively restore serum 25D concentration and prevent the further increase in PTH level. Therefore, NVD might have the benefit of alleviating the development of SHPT in early CKD and further lowering PTH in moderate to severe SHPT in dialysis patients.
Topics: Dietary Supplements; Fibroblast Growth Factor-23; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary; Parathyroid Glands; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Vitamin D
PubMed: 30513912
DOI: 10.3390/nu10121890