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Nutrients Oct 2022Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-saving intervention for patients where oral or enteral nutrition (EN) cannot be achieved or is not acceptable. The essential... (Review)
Review
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-saving intervention for patients where oral or enteral nutrition (EN) cannot be achieved or is not acceptable. The essential components of PN are carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, vitamins, trace elements, electrolytes and water. PN should be provided via a central line because of its hypertonicity. However, peripheral PN (with lower nutrient content and larger volume) can be administered via an appropriate non-central line. There are alternatives for the compounding process also, including hospital pharmacy compounded bags and commercial multichamber bags. PN is a costly therapy and has been associated with complications. Metabolic complications related to macro and micronutrient disturbances, such as hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and electrolyte imbalance, may occur at any time during PN therapy, as well as infectious complications, mostly related to venous access. Long-term complications, such as hepatobiliary and bone disease are associated with longer PN therapy and home-PN. To prevent and mitigate potential complications, the optimal monitoring and early management of imbalances is required. PN should be prescribed for malnourished patients or high-risk patients with malnutrition where the feasibility of full EN is in question. Several factors should be considered when providing PN, including timing of initiation, clinical status, and risk of complications.
Topics: Humans; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; Enteral Nutrition; Malnutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total
PubMed: 36364743
DOI: 10.3390/nu14214480 -
Clinics in Perinatology Jun 2022Prematurity and other complications at birth are nutritional emergencies. Parenteral nutrition is a bridge to enteral nutrition for a few days or months, and sometimes... (Review)
Review
Prematurity and other complications at birth are nutritional emergencies. Parenteral nutrition is a bridge to enteral nutrition for a few days or months, and sometimes the sole source of nutrition for life. Parenteral nutrition regimens are constructed to provide adequate and balanced energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients to support growth and prevent deficiencies. Neonatal parenteral nutrition regimens are complicated by periodic shortages of essential products, compatibility challenges, and contaminants. Newborns benefit from serial growth assessments, monitoring of biochemical status, nutrition-focused physical examinations, and management by a multidisciplinary team to ensure adequacy of parenteral nutrition and promote best outcomes.
Topics: Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Micronutrients; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total
PubMed: 35659091
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.02.002 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Nov 2021Nutrition support is an important aspect of the management of critically ill patients. This review highlights the emerging evidence on critical care nutrition and... (Review)
Review
Nutrition support is an important aspect of the management of critically ill patients. This review highlights the emerging evidence on critical care nutrition and focuses on the pathophysiologic interplay between critical illness, the gastrointestinal tract, and nutrition support and the evidence on the best route, dose, and timing of nutrition. Although indirect calorimetry is recommended to measure energy expenditure, predictive equations are commonly used but are limited by their inaccuracy in individual patients. The current evidence supports early enteral nutrition (EN) in most patients, with a gradual increase in the daily dose over the first week. Delayed EN is warranted in patients with severe shock. According to recent trials, parenteral nutrition seems to be as effective as EN and may be started if adequate EN is not achieved by the first week of critical illness. A high protein dose has been recommended, but the best timing is unclear. Immuno-nutrition should not be routinely provided to critically ill patients. Patients receiving artificial nutrition should be monitored for metabolic derangements. Additional adequately powered studies are still needed to resolve many unanswered questions.
Topics: Critical Care; Critical Illness; Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Nutritional Support; Parenteral Nutrition
PubMed: 34897737
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2228 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Mar 2018Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-sustaining therapy in patients with intestinal failure who are unable to tolerate enteral feedings. Patient selection should be based... (Review)
Review
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a life-sustaining therapy in patients with intestinal failure who are unable to tolerate enteral feedings. Patient selection should be based on a thorough assessment to identify those at high nutrition risk based on both disease severity and nutritional status. This article reviews both the acute and chronic indications for PN as well as special formulation consideration in specific disease states, vascular access, and complications of both short-term and long-term PN.
Topics: Catheterization, Central Venous; Catheterization, Peripheral; Chronic Disease; Critical Illness; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Malnutrition; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; Patient Selection; Perioperative Care
PubMed: 29413018
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.10.001 -
JAMA Jun 2019
Topics: Catheterization, Central Venous; Humans; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total
PubMed: 31162570
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.4410 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Feb 2022Several guidance documents support best practices across the stages of the parenteral nutrition (PN) use process to optimize patient safety. The critical step of PN... (Review)
Review
Several guidance documents support best practices across the stages of the parenteral nutrition (PN) use process to optimize patient safety. The critical step of PN order verification and review by the pharmacist requires a contextual assessment of the compatibility and stability implications of the ordered PN prescription. This article will provide working definitions, describe PN component characteristics, and present a wide-ranging representation of compatibility and stability concerns that need to be considered prior to preparing a PN admixture. This paper has been approved by the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) Board of Directors.
Topics: Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Patient Safety; Prescriptions
PubMed: 34788478
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2306 -
Annals of Palliative Medicine Jan 2016In cancer patients, weight loss is an ominous sign suggesting disease progression and shortened survival time. As a result, providing nutrition support for cancer... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
In cancer patients, weight loss is an ominous sign suggesting disease progression and shortened survival time. As a result, providing nutrition support for cancer patients has been proposed as a logical approach for improving clinical outcomes. Nutrition support can be given to patients through enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN). The purpose of the review was to compare the outcomes of PN and EN in cancer patients.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE and OLDMEDLINE, Embase Classic and Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies were included if over half of the patient population had cancer and reported on any of the following endpoints: the percentage of patients that experienced no infection, nutrition support complications, major complications or mortality. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Review Manager Version 5.3 were calculated. Primary endpoints were stratified according to type of EN for subgroup analysis, grouping studies into either tube feeding (TF) or standard care (SC). Additionally, another subgroup analysis was conducted comparing studies with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) patients and studies without PEM patients.
RESULTS
The literature search yielded 674 articles of which 36 were included for the meta-analysis. There were no difference in the endpoints between the two study interventions except that PN resulted in more infection when compared with EN (RR =1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.18; P=0.03).
CONCLUSIONS
Other than increased incidence of infection, PN has not resulted in prolonging the survival, increasing nutrition support complications, or major complications when compared with EN in cancer patients.
Topics: Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Infection Control; Neoplasms; Nutritional Support; Parenteral Nutrition; Protein-Energy Malnutrition; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 26841813
DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2224-5820.2016.01.01 -
Nutrients Mar 2020Parenteral nutrition has evolved tremendously, with parenteral formulas now safer and more accessible than ever. "All-in-one" admixtures are now available, which... (Review)
Review
Parenteral nutrition has evolved tremendously, with parenteral formulas now safer and more accessible than ever. "All-in-one" admixtures are now available, which simplify parenteral nutrition usage and decrease line infection rates alongside other methods of infectious control. Recently published data on the benefits of parenteral nutrition versus enteral nutrition together with the widespread use of indirect calorimetry solve many safety issues that have emerged over the years. All these advances, alongside a better understanding of glycemic control and lipid and protein formulation improvements, make parenteral nutrition a safe alternative to enteral nutrition.
Topics: Calorimetry, Indirect; Enteral Nutrition; Food, Formulated; Humans; Nutritional Sciences; Parenteral Nutrition
PubMed: 32182654
DOI: 10.3390/nu12030717 -
Pediatric Research Jul 2022Parenteral nutrition is used to treat children that cannot be fully fed by the enteral route. While the revised ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN pediatric parenteral nutrition... (Review)
Review
Parenteral nutrition is used to treat children that cannot be fully fed by the enteral route. While the revised ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN pediatric parenteral nutrition guidelines provide clear guidance on the use of parenteral nutrition in neonates, infants, and children based on current available evidence, they have helped to crystallize areas where research is lacking or more studies are needed in order to refine recommendations. This paper collates and discusses the research gaps identified by the authors of each section of the guidelines and considers each nutrient or group of nutrients in turn, together with aspects around delivery and organization. The 99 research priorities identified were then ranked in order of importance by clinicians and researchers working in the field using a survey methodology. The highest ranked priority was the need to understand the relationship between total energy intake, rapid catch-up growth, later metabolic function, and neurocognitive outcomes. Research into the optimal intakes of macronutrients needed in order to achieve optimal outcomes also featured prominently. Identifying research priorities in PN should enable research to be focussed on addressing key issues. Multicentre trials, better definition of exposure and outcome variables, and long-term metabolic and developmental follow-up will be key to achieving this. IMPACT: The recent ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines for pediatric parenteral nutrition provided updated guidance for providing parenteral nutrition to infants and children, including recommendations for practice. However, in several areas there was a lack of evidence to guide practice, or research questions that remained unanswered. This paper summarizes the key priorities for research in pediatric parenteral nutrition, and ranks them in order of importance according to expert opinion.
Topics: Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Consensus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Research
PubMed: 34475525
DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01670-9 -
Critical Care (London, England) Aug 2020The goal of nutrition support is to provide the substrates required to match the bioenergetic needs of the patient and promote the net synthesis of macromolecules... (Review)
Review
The goal of nutrition support is to provide the substrates required to match the bioenergetic needs of the patient and promote the net synthesis of macromolecules required for the preservation of lean mass, organ function, and immunity. Contemporary observational studies have exposed the pervasive undernutrition of critically ill patients and its association with adverse clinical outcomes. The intuitive hypothesis is that optimization of nutrition delivery should improve ICU clinical outcomes. It is therefore surprising that multiple large randomized controlled trials have failed to demonstrate the clinical benefit of restoring or maximizing nutrient intake. This may be in part due to the absence of biological markers that identify patients who are most likely to benefit from nutrition interventions and that monitor the effects of nutrition support. Here, we discuss the need for practical risk stratification tools in critical care nutrition, a proposed rationale for targeted biomarker development, and potential approaches that can be adopted for biomarker identification and validation in the field.
Topics: Albumins; Biomarkers; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; C-Reactive Protein; Critical Care; Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Interleukin-6; Nitrogen; Nutrition Therapy; Nutritional Support; Parenteral Nutrition; Proteins
PubMed: 32787899
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03208-7