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Tropical Animal Health and Production Dec 2023The current investigation was conducted to investigate the effects of different particle sizes of corn and stocking densities on performance, carcass traits and...
The current investigation was conducted to investigate the effects of different particle sizes of corn and stocking densities on performance, carcass traits and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development of Muscovy ducks in housing. 200 Muscovy ducks were distributed in a factorial scheme (2 × 2) where the treatments were constituted by two stocking densities (2 or 3 birds/m) and two particle sizes of corn (6 or 8 mm), with five replicates of 10 birds each. At 1, 35, 70, and 90 days old, Muscovy ducks were slaughtered to evaluate the development of heart and GIT. Muscovy ducks managed in the density of 3 birds/m presented higher (P < 0.05) GIT development, performance and carcass traits regardless of age evaluated. In the same way, Muscovy ducks fed diets using a particle size of corn of 6 mm (Mean Geometric Diameter (MGD) = 781 μm) presented higher (P < 0.05) GIT development, performance and carcass traits regardless of age evaluated. Conclusively, the stocking density of 3 birds/m and the particle size of corn of 6 mm (MGD = 781 μm) were considered ideal recommendations for Muscovy ducks, providing higher GIT development, which resulted in better performance and carcass traits.
Topics: Animals; Ducks; Zea mays; Particle Size; Housing; Gastrointestinal Tract
PubMed: 38093117
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03861-4 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Cyetpyrafen is a compound that lacks inherent uptake and systemic translocation activity. If mites do not come into direct contact with the pesticide solution on leaves,...
Cyetpyrafen is a compound that lacks inherent uptake and systemic translocation activity. If mites do not come into direct contact with the pesticide solution on leaves, the efficacy cannot be achieved. Controlling the particle size can potentially play a crucial role in the manifestation of efficacy. In this study, high-throughput formulation technology was used to systematically screen a large number of adjuvants to obtain cyetpyrafen formulations. The particle size of the active ingredient in the formulation was measured. By examining the dynamic light scattering and contact angle, we simulated the actual process of the efficacy transmission of cyetpyrafen formulations against . Our results showed that the activity of cyetpyrafen increases as the particle size decreases, suggesting that reducing the particle size can enhance the coverage and deposition on crop leaves, and further improve the dispersion efficiency and enhance spreading capabilities. Furthermore, controlling the particle size at 160 nm resulted in an LC value of 0.2026, which is approximately double than that of the commercial product. As a novel pesticide for mites, our study presents the most effective cyetpyrafen formulation in practice. Our findings provide valuable insights into controlling other mite species that pose a threat to agricultural products.
Topics: Animals; Pesticides; Particle Size; Agriculture; Mites; Lethal Dose 50
PubMed: 37959851
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217432 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Sep 2020Drug release performance of tablets is often highly dependent on disintegration, and water ingress is typically the rate-limiting step of the disintegration process....
Drug release performance of tablets is often highly dependent on disintegration, and water ingress is typically the rate-limiting step of the disintegration process. Water ingress into tablets is known to be highly influenced by the microstructure of the tablet, particularly tablet porosity. Initial particle size distribution of the formulation and the predominant powder deformation behaviour during compression are expected to impact such microstructure, making both factors important to investigate in relation to water ingress into tablets. Two size fractions (<125 and 355-500 µm) of plastically deforming microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and fragmenting di-calcium phosphate (DCP) were compressed into tablets with porosities ranging from 5 to 30% (with 5% increments). The total porosity of the tablets was measured using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and liquid transport into these tablets was quantified using a flow cell coupled to terahertz pulsed imaging. It was found that tablets compressed from large MCC particles resulted in slower water ingress compared to tablets prepared from small MCC particles. In contrast, no difference in liquid transport kinetics was observed for tablets prepared across both size fractions of DCP particles. These results highlight the complex interplay between material characteristics, the process induced microstructure, and the liquid transport process that ultimately determines the drug release performance of the tablets.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Excipients; Particle Size; Porosity; Tablets; Water
PubMed: 32679259
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119645 -
PloS One 2022We experimentally created a particle size dataset that is based on reduction sequences and raw materials typical of the Middle and Later Stone Age in southern Africa....
We experimentally created a particle size dataset that is based on reduction sequences and raw materials typical of the Middle and Later Stone Age in southern Africa. The reason for creating this new dataset is that current particle size frameworks are based, almost exclusively, on flint and western European knapping methods. We produced the dataset using knapping methods and raw materials frequently encountered in the southern African archaeological record because we wanted to test whether it has the same distribution as particle size datasets experimentally created in Europe, and to initialise the production of a database for use in the analysis of lithic assemblages from southern African Late Pleistocene deposits. We reduced 117 cores of quartz, quartzite, jasper, chalcedony, hornfels, and rhyolite. The knapping methods selected were unidirectional, discoidal, Levallois recurrent and bipolar flaking. In this article we compare this new particle size distribution dataset with the results obtained from previous experiments. We found that the southern African dataset shows a wider size range distribution, which seems to be explained by differences in knapping methods and raw materials. Our results show that there is overlap between the distribution of the southern African experimental knapping dataset and the sorting experiment conducted by Lenoble on flint artefacts in a runoff context. This article shows that a particle size analysis is not sufficient on its own to assess the perturbation of an archaeological assemblage and must be coupled with other analytical tools.
Topics: Particle Size; Technology; Europe; Archaeology; Africa, Southern; Fossils
PubMed: 36584160
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278867 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024This protocol describes the use of the Spectradyne nCS1 instrument to measure the particles per mL concentration and size of nanoparticles. The Spectradyne nCS1 is a...
This protocol describes the use of the Spectradyne nCS1 instrument to measure the particles per mL concentration and size of nanoparticles. The Spectradyne nCS1 is a particle-analyzing instrument that uses microfluidic resistive pulse sensing, rather than optical measurements, to determine the size and concentration of samples. The size and concentration of a sample are determined by measuring the changes in voltage as particles travel through a nano-constriction in the microfluidic cartridge. This method also has the advantage over optical techniques in that measurements are not dependent on the type of material being measured (e.g., refractive index of the sample itself is not needed for accurate analysis), and only microliters (typically 5 μL) of a sample are needed for analysis.
Topics: Particle Size; Microfluidics; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 38506990
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3786-9_5 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Mar 2023Permeability is considered a key parameter used in goaf flow simulation. Particle size of caved rock fragments is an important factor that affects permeability. Current...
Permeability is considered a key parameter used in goaf flow simulation. Particle size of caved rock fragments is an important factor that affects permeability. Current literature treats the particle sizes of rock fragments as a constant, which is something that will inevitably lead to great errors. The sigmoid function is introduced, based on the existing main roof subsidence displacement model, to establish a new main roof subsidence displacement model, which will reflect the characteristics of the natural accumulation zone, load-affected zone, and compacted zone in the goaf. The constitutive relationship of the rock fragments meanwhile is established from a mechanical perspective. Particle sizes of the rock fragments in the goaf are controlled by the maximum median particle size, with the minimum particle size calculated as 69.25% of the maximum median particle size. In addition, with the same mining height, the stronger the overlying strata is, the larger the particle size, while under the same geological conditions, the larger the mining height, the smaller the particle size of the rock fragments. This paper provides a constitutive relation and particle size distribution model of rock fragments which is more consistent with the actual coal mine's characteristics.
Topics: Coal Mining; Models, Theoretical; Particle Size; Computer Simulation; Coal
PubMed: 36595179
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25038-6 -
Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2021This review described and explains the encapsulation of bioactive compounds by extrusion technologies. Bioactive compounds have many health benefits, but several... (Review)
Review
This review described and explains the encapsulation of bioactive compounds by extrusion technologies. Bioactive compounds have many health benefits, but several drawbacks such as a high organoleptic impact due to the bitterness and acrid taste of some compounds, and limited shelf life reduce the utilization of bioactive compounds in food. Encapsulation of bioactive compounds to prevent their several drawbacks and to increase their utilization in food has been achieved by 'extrusion' technology. The extrusion technologies discussed in the review are hot-melt extrusion, melt injection extrusion process, co-extrusion, and electrostatic extrusion. Extrusion technology as a mode of encapsulation of bioactive compounds as increased the number of bioactive compounds that can be encapsulated. Also, extrusion technology helps to reduce the particle size of encapsulated bioactive compounds which increase their application in the food industry. The reduction in the particle size of the extrudate helps to increase the shelf life of encapsulated bioactive compounds and aid-controlled release in the targeted site in the body.
Topics: Particle Size; Taste; Technology
PubMed: 32729723
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1793724 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Oct 2021The novel particle generation processes of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)/drug have been extensively explored in recent decades due to their wide-range... (Review)
Review
The novel particle generation processes of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)/drug have been extensively explored in recent decades due to their wide-range applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) is one of the promising techniques to obtain the fine particles (micro to nano-size) of APIs with narrow particle size distribution (PSD). In RESS, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO) and API are used as solvent and solute respectively. In this literature survey, the application of RESS in the formation of fine particles is critically reviewed. Solubility of API in SC CO and supersaturation are the key factors in tuning the particle size. The different approaches to model and predict the solubility of API in SC CO are discussed. Then, the effect of process parameters on mean particle size and the particle size distribution are interpreted in the context of solubility and supersaturation. Furthermore, the less-explored applications of RESS in preparation of solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposome, polymorphic conversion, cocrystallization and inclusion complexation are compared with traditional processes. The solubility enhancement of API in SC CO using co-solvent and its applications in particle generation are explored in published literature. The development and modifications in the conventional RESS process to overcome the limitations of RESS are presented. Finally, the perspective on RESS with special attention to its commercial operation is highlighted.
Topics: Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Solubility; Solutions; Solvents
PubMed: 34530097
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121089 -
Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022This study was to investigate the airflow characteristics in nasal cavity under different conditions and analyze the effects of different respiratory intensity, particle...
This study was to investigate the airflow characteristics in nasal cavity under different conditions and analyze the effects of different respiratory intensity, particle diameter, and particle density on the deposition of particles carried by airflow in the nasal cavity, respectively. The three-dimensional geometric model of the nasal cavity was established based on typical medical images. The SST k- turbulence model in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the airflow in the nasal cavity, and the deposition of particles in the airflow was analyzed with the Lagrange discrete phase model. The results showed that the air in the nasal cavity flows in the left and right nasal passages through the perforation in front of the nasal septum and forms a vortex structure at the perforation site, and the particle deposition efficiencies (DE) under perforation nasal cavity are higher than that under normal nasal cavity. Different parameters had different effects on the particle DE. The results showed that the DE of particles with smaller size (≤2.5 m) is lower; the higher the respiration intensity, the greater the influence on the DE of the larger particle size; and the larger particle density (>1550 kg·m) has little effect on the DE of larger particle size (DP = 10 m). The results agree well with the corresponding research data.
Topics: Computer Simulation; Humans; Hydrodynamics; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Particle Size
PubMed: 36046012
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8706978 -
Luminescence : the Journal of... Feb 2021This marble extracted from deposits in Elazığ in Turkey resembles red meat in appearance and is only found in Elazığ. This type of marble has been widely used in the...
This marble extracted from deposits in Elazığ in Turkey resembles red meat in appearance and is only found in Elazığ. This type of marble has been widely used in the most famous architectural structures and buildings. In this study, the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of a unique marble that originated from Turkey, named Rosso Levanto, were investigated. Two distinct TL peaks were observed at 160°C and around 375°C. Particle size experiments showed that best TL intensity was seen at 200 μm particle size and therefore dose-response, heating rate, cycle of measurement and fading experiments were carried out on powdered samples with a particle size of 200 μm. The findings revealed good linearity in dose-response, observed up to 0.5 kGy. The reproducibility experiment gave good results, but peak intensity decreased by about 40% in first 6 h of storage in a dark room.
Topics: Calcium Carbonate; Particle Size; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 32725715
DOI: 10.1002/bio.3928