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Viral Immunology 2021The parvoviruses are small nonenveloped single stranded DNA viruses that constitute members that range from apathogenic to pathogenic in humans and animals. The... (Review)
Review
The parvoviruses are small nonenveloped single stranded DNA viruses that constitute members that range from apathogenic to pathogenic in humans and animals. The infection with a parvovirus results in the generation of antibodies against the viral capsid by the host immune system to eliminate the virus and to prevent re-infection. For members currently either being developed as delivery vectors for gene therapy applications or as oncolytic biologics for tumor therapy, efforts are aimed at combating the detrimental effects of pre-existing or post-treatment antibodies that can eliminate therapeutic benefits. Therefore, understanding antigenic epitopes of parvoviruses can provide crucial information for the development of vaccination applications and engineering novel capsids able to escape antibody recognition. This review aims to capture the information for the binding regions of ∼30 capsid-antibody complex structures of different parvovirus capsids determined to date by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. The comparison of all complex structures revealed the conservation of antigenic regions among parvoviruses from different genera despite low sequence identity and indicates that the available data can be used across the family for vaccine development and capsid engineering.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Epitopes; Humans; Parvovirus; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 32315582
DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0022 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023DNA replication is a standard and essential function among DNA viruses; however, this functional domain's common ancestor, origin, and evolutionary path in invertebrate-...
DNA replication is a standard and essential function among DNA viruses; however, this functional domain's common ancestor, origin, and evolutionary path in invertebrate- and vertebrate-infecting viruses are not yet fully understood. Here, we present evidence, using a combination of phylogenetic relationships, coevolution, and CLANS (cluster analysis of sequences) analysis, that the parvo-NS1 domain (nonstructural protein NS1, DNA helicase domain) of these DNA viruses that infect vertebrates potentially originated from the invertebrate (Platyhelminthes) parvo-NS1 domain of parvovirus-related sequences (PRSs). Our results suggest that papillomaviruses and the parvovirus subfamilies and DNA helicase evolved directly from the Platyhelminthes NS1 domain (PRSs). Similarly, the parvovirus subfamily NS1 domain displayed evolutionary heritage from the PRSs through Further, our analysis also clarified that herpesviruses and adenoviruses independently obtained the parvo-NS1 domain from (). Furthermore, virus-host coevolution analysis revealed that the parvovirus NS1 domain has coevolved with hosts, from flatworms to humans, and it appears that the papillomavirus may have obtained the DNA helicase during the early stages of parvovirus evolution and later led to the development of the DNA helicase of adomavirus and polyomavirus. Finally, herpesviruses and adenoviruses likely inherited the parvo-NS1 domain from in the later stages of evolution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evolutionary evidence to suggest that the DNA helicase of viruses that infect vertebrates originated from the invertebrate PRSs. DNA replication of DNA viruses is an essential function. This allows DNA replication of viruses to form virus particles. The DNA helicase domain is responsible for this primary function. This domain is present in parvoviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, herpesviruses, and adenoviruses. But little is known about the common ancestor, origin, and evolutionary path of DNA helicase in invertebrate- and vertebrate-infecting viruses. Here, we report the possibility of the origin of DNA viruses (DNA helicase) infecting vertebrates from Platyhelminthes (invertebrate) PRSs. Our study established that the parvovirus subfamily NS1 domain displayed evolutionary heritage from the Platyhelminthes PRSs through . Furthermore, our study suggests that the papillomavirus DNA helicase may have evolved in the early stages of parvovirus evolution and then led to the development of the adomavirus and polyomavirus. Our study suggests that the herpesviruses and adenoviruses likely inherited the parvo-NS1 domain through gene capture from in the later stages of parvovirus evolution in their hosts.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Phylogeny; DNA Viruses; Invertebrates; Parvovirus; Vertebrates; Parvoviridae Infections; Adenoviridae; DNA Helicases
PubMed: 37347193
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04570-22 -
BMC Veterinary Research May 2022Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a member of the family Parvoviridae, which is a major enteric pathogen of cats worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of...
BACKGROUND
Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a member of the family Parvoviridae, which is a major enteric pathogen of cats worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of feline parvovirus in Beijing of China and analyze the genetic features of detected viruses.
RESULTS
In this study, a total of 60 (8.5%) parvovirus-positive samples were detected from 702 cat fecal samples using parvovirus-specific PCR. The complete VP2 genes were amplified from all these samples. Among them, 55 (91.7%) sequences were characterized as FPV, and the other five (8.3%) were typed as canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) variants, comprised of four CPV-2c and a new CPV-2b strain. In order to investigate the origin of CPV-2 variants in cats, we amplified full-length VP2 genes from seven fecal samples of dogs infected with CPV-2, which were further classified as CPV-2c. The sequences of new CPV-2b/MT270586 and CPV-2c/MT270587 detected from feline samples shared 100% identity with previous canine isolates KT156833 and MF467242 respectively, suggesting the CPV-2 variants circulating in cats might be derived from dogs. Sequence analysis indicated new mutations, Ala91Ser and Ser192Phe, in the FPV sequences, while obtained CPV-2c carried mutations reported in Asian CPV variants, showing they share a common evolutionary pattern with the Asian 2c strains. Interestingly, the FPV sequence (MT270571), displaying four CPV-specific residues, was found to be a putative recombinant sequence between CPV-2c and FPV. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene showed that amino acid and nucleotide mutations promoted the evolution of FPV and CPV lineages.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings will be helpful to further understand the circulation and evolution of feline and canine parvovirus in Beijing.
Topics: Animals; Beijing; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feces; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35606875
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03281-w -
Viruses Sep 2020In this study, three different diagnostic tests for parvovirus were compared with vaccination status and parvovirus genotype in suspected canine parvovirus cases. Faecal...
In this study, three different diagnostic tests for parvovirus were compared with vaccination status and parvovirus genotype in suspected canine parvovirus cases. Faecal samples from vaccinated (N17) and unvaccinated or unknown vaccination status (N41) dogs that had clinical signs of parvovirus infection were tested using three different assays of antigen tests, conventional and quantitative PCR tests. The genotype of each sample was determined by sequencing. In addition to the suspected parvovirus samples, 21 faecal samples from apparently healthy dogs were tested in three diagnostic tests to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the tests. The antigen test was positive in 41.2% of vaccinated dogs and 73.2% of unvaccinated diseased dogs. Conventional PCR and qPCR were positive for canine parvovirus (CPV) in 82.4% of vaccinated dogs and 92.7% of unvaccinated dogs. CPV type-2c (CPV-2c) was detected in 82.75% of dogs (12 vaccinated and 36 unvaccinated dogs), CPV-2b was detected in 5.17% dogs (one vaccinated and two unvaccinated) and CPV-2a in 1.72% vaccinated dog. Mean values in qPCR for vaccinated dogs were higher than the unvaccinated dogs ( = 0.049), suggesting that vaccinated dogs shed less virus, even in clinical forms of CPV. CPV-2c was the dominant subtype infecting dogs in both vaccinated and unvaccinated cases. Faecal antigen testing failed to identify a substantial proportion of CPV-2c infected dogs, likely due to low sensitivity. The faecal samples from apparently healthy dogs ( = 21) showed negative results in all three tests. Negative CPV faecal antigen results should be viewed with caution until they are confirmed by molecular methods.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feces; Genotype; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 32899378
DOI: 10.3390/v12090980 -
BMC Veterinary Research May 2019Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline parvovirus (FPV) are causative agents of diarrhea in dogs and cats, which manifests as depression, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite,...
BACKGROUND
Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline parvovirus (FPV) are causative agents of diarrhea in dogs and cats, which manifests as depression, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, leucopenia, and diarrhea in young animals. CPV and FPV can single or mixed infect cats and cause disease. To diagnose sick animals effectively, an effective virus diagnostic and genome typing method with high sensitivity and specificity is required.
RESULTS
In this study, a conserved segment containing one SNP A4408C of parvovirus was used for real-time PCR amplification. Subsequently, data were auto-analyzed and plotted using Applied Biosystems® High Resolution Melt Software v3.1. Results showed that CPV and FPV can be detected simultaneously in a single PCR reaction. No cross-reactions were observed with canine adenovirus, canine coronavirus, and canine distemper virus. The assay had a detection limit of 4.2 genome copies of CPV and FPV. A total of 80 clinical samples were subjected to this assay, as well as to conventional PCR-sequence assay and virus isolation. Results showed that the percentage of agreement of the assay and other methods are high.
CONCLUSIONS
In short, we have developed a diagnostic test for the accurate detection and differentiation of CPV and FPV in fecal samples, which is also cost effective.
Topics: Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Nucleic Acid Denaturation; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Transition Temperature
PubMed: 31077252
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1898-5 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jul 2022In this study, 192 diarrheal fecal samples were collected from 2019 to 2021 for monitoring the molecular prevalence of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) among dogs in...
In this study, 192 diarrheal fecal samples were collected from 2019 to 2021 for monitoring the molecular prevalence of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) among dogs in Southwest China, and 113 samples were detected as Carnivore protoparvovirus 1-positive. Surprisingly, 28/113 (24.8%) strains were identified as feline parvovirus (FPV)-like viruses based on the key amino acid (aa) residues in VP2. Further, 6 FPV-like strains were successfully isolated and genome sequenced, and phylogenetic trees based on the genome, VP2 and NS1 sequences showed that the 6 FPV-like strains were most genetically related with FPV instead of CPV-2. Interestingly, the VP2 proteins of the FPV-like virus contained all key aa residues typical for FPV and can be 100% identical to that of FPV, but the VP1 intron and NS1 aa sequences exhibited some unique molecular characteristics. The FPV-like isolate could hemagglutinate swine erythrocyte at pH values between 6 and 8, and replicated efficiently in MDCK cell line; moreover, the virus could cause canine systemic infection via oral administration. Further analysis based on VP2 sequences of FPV and CPV-2 in GenBank revealed that the FPV-like virus had already existed among dogs in 4 Asian countries, and have circulated widely in China. This study first confirmed that the FPV-like isolates could efficiently infect dogs, and has been prevalent among dogs in China. Moreover, this study first reported the genome characteristics of the FPV-like virus in dogs, which may represent a novel evolution pattern involving in the cross-species transmission of the virus from cats to dogs.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; China; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35653872
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109473 -
Avian Diseases Dec 2022Dietary, environmental, and hereditary causes were reported as causative agents of angel wing syndrome in waterfowl. Since 2017, several Muscovy duck flocks at Behira...
Dietary, environmental, and hereditary causes were reported as causative agents of angel wing syndrome in waterfowl. Since 2017, several Muscovy duck flocks at Behira governorate were found to exhibit this syndrome associated with the clinical symptoms of goose parvovirus (GPV) infection. Four strains of goose parvovirus named HS1-HS4 were isolated and identified from diseased ducks at some of these flocks. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of these strains together and within a distinct monophyletic group in relation to GPV strains of Derzsy's disease and short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS). Nucleotide identities with goose parvovirus strain B of Derzsy's disease were 95.7%-96.6%, and with the strain JS1603 of SBDS they were 96.8%-97.4%. However, nucleotide identities with Muscovy duck parvovirus strain FM were 74.1%-74.6%. The disease was reproduced experimentally via oral-route artificial infection with HS1 strain, and both clinical symptoms of goose parvovirus and angel wing syndrome were observed in the artificially infected Muscovy ducks, but with less severity in geese. This study demonstrated clear evidence for induction of angel wing syndrome, at least partially, with GPV infection in Muscovy duck. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first work to mention a viral cause of angel wing syndrome in waterfowl.
Topics: Animals; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Parvovirinae; Parvoviridae Infections; Ducks; Syndrome; Geese
PubMed: 36715467
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-22-00014 -
Avian Diseases Oct 2022The aim of this study is to identify and characterize virus isolates (which are named for Bacgiang Agriculture and Forestry University [BAFU]) from diseased Cherry...
The aim of this study is to identify and characterize virus isolates (which are named for Bacgiang Agriculture and Forestry University [BAFU]) from diseased Cherry Valley duck and mule duck flocks and investigate the damage caused by a novel parvovirus-related virus (DuPV) to tissues and organs, including the brain, cerebellum, kidney, liver, lung, spleen, and spinal cord. The results of phylogenetic analysis show that DuPV-BAFU evolved from a goose lineage and duck parvoviruses rather than from Muscovy duck parvoviruses. In the genetic lineages, DuPVs were identified from the DuPV samples analyzed, and DuPV-BAFU was found to be closely clustered with two known goose origin parvoviruses (GPVa2006 and GPV1995) and a duck GPVs. Finally, structural modeling revealed that DuPV-BAFU and the closely related viruses GPVa2006 and GPV1995 possessed identical clusters of receptor-interacting amino acid residues in the VP3 protein, a major determinant of viral receptor binding and host specificity. Significantly, these three viruses differed from DuPVs, Muscovy duck parvoviruses, and other goose parvoviruses at these positions. These results also demonstrated that DuPV-BAFU represents a new variant of goose-origin parvovirus that currently circulates in ducklings and causes beak atrophy and dwarfism syndrome, as noted in the previous reports in Europe, Taiwan, and China. This new finding highlights the need for future surveillance of DuPV-BAFU in waterfowl in order to gain a better understanding of both the evolution and the biology of this emerging parvovirus in waterfowl.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Atrophy; Beak; Ducks; Dwarfism; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirinae; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Vietnam; Virulence
PubMed: 36106907
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00087 -
Viruses Mar 2020Ostrich diseases characterized by paralysis have been breaking out in broad areas of China since 2015, causing major damage to the ostrich breeding industry in China....
Ostrich diseases characterized by paralysis have been breaking out in broad areas of China since 2015, causing major damage to the ostrich breeding industry in China. This report describes a parvovirus detected in ostriches from four different regions. The entire genomes of four parvovirus strains were sequenced following amplification by PCR, and we conducted comprehensive analysis of the ostrich parvovirus genome. Results showed that the length genomes of the parvovirus contained two open reading frames. Ostrich parvovirus (OsPV) is a branch of goose parvovirus (GPV). Genetic distance analysis revealed a close relationship between the parvovirus and goose parvovirus strains from China, with the closest being the 2016 goose parvovirus RC16 strain from Chongqing. This is the first report of a parvovirus in ostriches. However, whether OsPV is the pathogen of ostrich paralysis remains uncertain. This study contributes new information about the evolution and epidemiology of parvovirus in China, which provides a new way for the study of paralysis in ostriches.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Testing; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Struthioniformes
PubMed: 32204363
DOI: 10.3390/v12030334 -
Current Opinion in Virology Jun 2015The nuclear import of viral genomes is an important step of the infectious cycle for viruses that replicate in the nucleus of their host cells. Although most viruses use... (Review)
Review
The nuclear import of viral genomes is an important step of the infectious cycle for viruses that replicate in the nucleus of their host cells. Although most viruses use the cellular nuclear import machinery or some components of this machinery, others have developed sophisticated ways to reach the nucleus. Some of these have been known for some time; however, recent studies have changed our understanding of how some non-enveloped DNA viruses access the nucleus. For example, parvoviruses enter the nucleus through small disruptions of the nuclear membranes and nuclear lamina, and adenovirus tugs at the nuclear pore complex, using kinesin-1, to disassemble their capsids and deliver viral proteins and genomes into the nucleus. Here we review recent findings of the nuclear import strategies of three small non-enveloped DNA viruses, including adenovirus, parvovirus, and the polyomavirus simian virus 40.
Topics: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; Adenoviridae; Cell Nucleus; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Humans; Nuclear Pore; Parvovirus; Simian virus 40; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 25846849
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.03.017