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Journal of Virology Jul 2018Antibody and receptor binding are key virus-host interactions that control host range and determine the success of infection. Canine and feline parvovirus capsids bind...
Antibody and receptor binding are key virus-host interactions that control host range and determine the success of infection. Canine and feline parvovirus capsids bind the transferrin receptor type 1 (TfR) to enter host cells, and specific structural interactions appear necessary to prepare the stable capsids for infection. Here, we define the details of binding, competition, and occupancy of wild-type and mutant parvovirus capsids with purified receptors and antibodies. TfR-capsid binding interactions depended on the TfR species and varied widely, with no direct relationship between binding affinity and infection. Capsids bound feline, raccoon, and black-backed jackal TfRs at high affinity but barely bound canine TfRs, which mediated infection efficiently. TfRs from different species also occupied capsids to different levels, with an estimated 1 to 2 feline TfRs but 12 black-backed jackal TfRs binding each capsid. Multiple alanine substitutions within loop 1 on the capsid surface reduced TfR binding but substitutions within loop 3 did not, suggesting that loop 1 directly engaged the TfR and loop 3 sterically affected that interaction. Binding and competition between different TfRs and/or antibodies showed complex relationships. Both antibodies 14 and E competed capsids off TfRs, but antibody E could also compete capsids off itself and antibody 14, likely by inducing capsid structural changes. In some cases, the initial TfR or antibody binding event affected subsequent TfR binding, suggesting that capsid structure changes occur after TfR or antibody binding and may impact infection. This shows that precise, host-specific TfR-capsid interactions, beyond simple attachment, are important for successful infection. Host receptor binding is a key step during viral infection and may control both infection and host range. In addition to binding, some viruses require specific interactions with host receptors in order to infect, and anti-capsid antibodies can potentially disrupt these interactions, leading to neutralization. Here, we examine the interactions between parvovirus capsids, the receptors from different hosts, and anti-capsid antibodies. We show that interactions between parvovirus capsids and host-specific TfRs vary in both affinity and in the numbers of receptors bound, with complex effects on infection. In addition, antibodies binding to two sites on the capsids had different effects on TfR-capsid binding. These experiments confirm that receptor and antibody binding to parvovirus capsids are complex processes, and the infection outcome is not determined simply by the affinity of attachment.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cats; Cell Line; Dogs; Host Specificity; Humans; Jackals; Models, Molecular; Mutation; Parvovirus; Raccoons; Receptors, Transferrin
PubMed: 29695427
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00460-18 -
Virology Journal Oct 2021In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result... (Review)
Review
In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result in fatal or debilitating infections. In recent years, advances in metagenomic viral discovery techniques have dramatically increased the identification of novel parvoviruses in both diseased and healthy individuals. While some of these discoveries have solved etiologic mysteries of well-described diseases in animals, many of the newly discovered parvoviruses appear to cause mild or no disease, or disease associations remain to be established. With the increased use of animal parvoviruses as vectors for gene therapy and oncolytic treatments in humans, it becomes all the more important to understand the diversity, pathogenic potential, and evolution of this diverse family of viruses. In this review, we discuss parvoviruses infecting vertebrate animals, with a special focus on pathogens of veterinary significance and viruses discovered within the last four years.
Topics: Animals; Metagenomics; Parvoviridae; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34689822
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01677-y -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Sep 2022Outbreaks of short beak dwarf syndrome caused by novel goose parvovirus (NGPV) have been prevalent in China since 2015, resulting in a high mortality rate of ducks....
Outbreaks of short beak dwarf syndrome caused by novel goose parvovirus (NGPV) have been prevalent in China since 2015, resulting in a high mortality rate of ducks. Herein we evaluated differences between two NGPV strains: Muscovy duck-origin (AH190917-RP: MD17) and Cherry Valley duck-origin (JS191021-RP: CVD21) NGPV. Both of them showed certain level of pathogenicity to primary duck embryo fibroblasts, Cherry Valley duck embryos and ducklings. CVD21 showed comparatively stronger pathogenicity than MD17. Only CVD21 caused obvious cytopathic effect (CPE), characterized by cell shedding; further, the virus titer of MD17 and CVD21 was 10 ELD (i.e. median embryo lethal dose)/0.2 ml and 10 ELD /0.2 ml, respectively, and the mortality rate of CVD21- and MD17-infected Cherry Valley ducklings was 100% and 80%, respectively. In addition, CVD21 had a greater influence on the growth and development of ducklings. Furthermore, we found that MD17 could infect Muscovy duck embryos and produce lesions similar to Cherry Valley duck embryos, but it could not infect Muscovy duck embryo fibroblasts (MDEFs,) and Muscovy ducklings. MDV21 had no infection to MDEFs, Muscovy duck embryo and Muscovy ducklings. We then sequenced the complete genome of the two isolates to enable genomic characterization. The complete genome of MD17 and CVD21 was 5046 and 5050 nucleotides in length, respectively. Nucleotide alignment, amino acid analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that MD17 showed higher homology to goose parvovirus (GPV), while CVD21 demonstrated stronger similarity with NGPV. Moreover, the two isolates shared 95.8% homology, with encoded proteins showing multiple amino acid variations. Our findings indicate that Muscovy ducks seem to have played a crucial role in the evolution of GPV to NGPV. We believe that our data should serve as a foundation for further studying the genetic evolution of waterfowl parvoviruses and their pathogenic mechanisms.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Ducks; Nucleotides; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirinae; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 35018730
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14453 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jul 2022In this study, 192 diarrheal fecal samples were collected from 2019 to 2021 for monitoring the molecular prevalence of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) among dogs in...
In this study, 192 diarrheal fecal samples were collected from 2019 to 2021 for monitoring the molecular prevalence of canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) among dogs in Southwest China, and 113 samples were detected as Carnivore protoparvovirus 1-positive. Surprisingly, 28/113 (24.8%) strains were identified as feline parvovirus (FPV)-like viruses based on the key amino acid (aa) residues in VP2. Further, 6 FPV-like strains were successfully isolated and genome sequenced, and phylogenetic trees based on the genome, VP2 and NS1 sequences showed that the 6 FPV-like strains were most genetically related with FPV instead of CPV-2. Interestingly, the VP2 proteins of the FPV-like virus contained all key aa residues typical for FPV and can be 100% identical to that of FPV, but the VP1 intron and NS1 aa sequences exhibited some unique molecular characteristics. The FPV-like isolate could hemagglutinate swine erythrocyte at pH values between 6 and 8, and replicated efficiently in MDCK cell line; moreover, the virus could cause canine systemic infection via oral administration. Further analysis based on VP2 sequences of FPV and CPV-2 in GenBank revealed that the FPV-like virus had already existed among dogs in 4 Asian countries, and have circulated widely in China. This study first confirmed that the FPV-like isolates could efficiently infect dogs, and has been prevalent among dogs in China. Moreover, this study first reported the genome characteristics of the FPV-like virus in dogs, which may represent a novel evolution pattern involving in the cross-species transmission of the virus from cats to dogs.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; China; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35653872
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109473 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology Oct 2023B-cell cloning methods enable the analysis of antibody responses against target antigens and can be used to reveal the host antibody repertoire, antigenic sites...
B-cell cloning methods enable the analysis of antibody responses against target antigens and can be used to reveal the host antibody repertoire, antigenic sites (epitopes), and details of protective immunity against pathogens. Here, we describe improved methods for isolation of canine peripheral blood B cells producing antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) capsids by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, followed by cell cloning. We cultured sorted B cells from an immunized dog in vitro and screened for CPV-specific antibody production. Updated canine-specific primer sets were used to amplify and clone the heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences directly from the B cells by reverse transcription and PCR. Monoclonal canine IgGs were produced by cloning heavy and light chain sequences into antibody expression vectors, which were screened for CPV binding. Three different canine monoclonal antibodies were analyzed, including two that shared the same heavy chain, and one that had distinct heavy and light chains. The antibodies showed broad binding to CPV variants, and epitopes were mapped to antigenic sites on the capsid. The methods described here are applicable for the isolation of canine B cells and monoclonal antibodies against many antigens.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Parvovirus; Antibodies, Viral; Parvovirus, Canine; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Epitopes; Cloning, Molecular; Parvoviridae Infections
PubMed: 37467826
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104894 -
BMC Veterinary Research Apr 2022Classical porcine parvovirus (PPV1) and novel porcine parvoviruses designated porcine parvovirus 2 through 7 (PPV2-PPV7) are widespread in pig populations. The objective...
BACKGROUND
Classical porcine parvovirus (PPV1) and novel porcine parvoviruses designated porcine parvovirus 2 through 7 (PPV2-PPV7) are widespread in pig populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence rates of PPV1-PPV7 in Korea by detecting PPVs in serum, lung and fecal samples and to elucidate the association of PPVs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV), major pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). A total of 286 serum, 481 lung, and 281 fecal samples collected from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed.
RESULTS
The results showed that PPVs are widespread in Korea; the highest detection rates were found in lung samples and ranged from 7.9% (PPV1) to 32.6% (PPV2). Regarding age groups, fattening pigs had the highest detection rates of PPVs, ranging from 6.4% (PPV1) to 36.5% (PPV6); this finding suggests the chronic nature of PPV infections and the continual circulation of these viruses. When compared with PCV2- and PRRSV-negative lung samples, PCV2-positive samples with or without PRRSV positivity had significantly higher detection levels of PPV1 and PPV6. In contrast, the prevalence of PPV2 and PPV7 was significantly higher in PRRSV-infected lung samples regardless of PCV2 detection. PPV5 was detected significantly more frequently in samples with both PCV2 and PRRSV positivity.
CONCLUSIONS
This study could offer a better understanding of the role of PPVs in PCV2 and/or PRRSV infection though further studies are needed to experimentally assess the impact of PPVs in coinfections.
Topics: Animals; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35395853
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03236-1 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jun 2020Cutavirus is a new member of the Parvoviridae family. It was first discovered in 2016 through unbiased metagenomics performed on fecal samples collected from patients... (Review)
Review
Cutavirus is a new member of the Parvoviridae family. It was first discovered in 2016 through unbiased metagenomics performed on fecal samples collected from patients with diarrhea, and also in skin biopsies collected from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL, also known as mycosis fungoides). We have systematically reviewed the literature to describe the discovery, genomic organization, prevalence, and geographic distribution of cutavirus.
Topics: Biopsy; Diarrhea; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Humans; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous; Metagenome; Metagenomics; Molecular Epidemiology; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 31917360
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104175 -
Viruses Sep 2019Recent advances in the diagnostic and metagenomic investigations of the feline enteric environment have allowed the identification of several novel viruses that have... (Review)
Review
Recent advances in the diagnostic and metagenomic investigations of the feline enteric environment have allowed the identification of several novel viruses that have been associated with gastroenteritis in cats. In the last few years, noroviruses, kobuviruses, and novel parvoviruses have been repetitively detected in diarrheic cats as alone or in mixed infections with other pathogens, raising a number of questions, with particular regards to their pathogenic attitude and clinical impact. In the present article, the current available literature on novel potential feline enteric viruses is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the etiology, epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of the infections caused by these pathogens.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Cats; Diarrhea; Enterovirus Infections; Gastroenteritis; Kobuvirus; Norovirus; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Viruses
PubMed: 31575055
DOI: 10.3390/v11100908 -
Virology Journal Feb 2018Goose parvovirus (GPV) causes acute enteritis, hepatitis, myocarditis and high morbidity and mortality in geese and ducks. GPV H strain was isolated from a Heilongjiang...
BACKGROUND
Goose parvovirus (GPV) causes acute enteritis, hepatitis, myocarditis and high morbidity and mortality in geese and ducks. GPV H strain was isolated from a Heilongjiang goose farm where the geese were showing signs of hemorrhage in the brain, liver, and intestinal tract. In this study, we explored the genetic diversity among waterfowl parvovirus isolates and the pathological characteristics of GPV H in Shaoxing ducklings.
METHODS
The complete capsid protein (VP) and non-structural (NS) sequences of the isolated H strain were sequenced, and phylogenetic trees of VP and NS were constructed in MEGA version 5.05 using the neighbor-joining method. Three-day-old Shaoxing ducklings were inoculated with GPV and were euthanized at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days post-inoculation (PI), and their organs were removed and collected. The organs of 6-day PI ducklings were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned for histology, stained with HE and analyzed for pathological lesions. The distribution of the GPV H strain in the tissues of the inoculated ducklings was detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
RESULTS
Genetic analysis of the NS and VP genes indicated that the H strain was closely related to strains circulating in China during 1999-2014, and the nucleic acid identity of those strains was 98%-99%. Classical symptoms were observed in the inoculated ducklings. GPV remained in many tissues and replicated in a majority of the tissues, leading to histopathological lesions in four tissues.
CONCLUSIONS
We first reported the distribution and histopathological lesions of a Chinese strain of GPV in infected shaoxing ducklings. This H strain was moderate pathogenic for Shaoxing ducklings.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Cell Line; China; Ducks; Geese; Genes, Viral; Genome, Viral; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 29391035
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0935-5 -
Viruses Jan 2022Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is the main pathogen of reproductive disorders. In recent years, a new type of porcine parvovirus has been discovered and named porcine...
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is the main pathogen of reproductive disorders. In recent years, a new type of porcine parvovirus has been discovered and named porcine parvovirus 2 to 7 (PPV2-PPV7), and it is associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs. Codon usage patterns and their effects on the evolution and host adaptation of different PPV sub-types are still largely unknown. Here, we define six main sub-types based on the Bayesian method of structural proteins of each sub-type of PPV, including PPV2, PPV3, PPV4, PPV5, PPV6, and PPV7, which show different degrees of codon usage preferences. The effective number of codons (ENC) indicates that all PPV sub-types have low codon bias. According to the codon adaptation index (CAI), PPV3 and PPV7 have the highest similarity with the host, which is related to the main popular tendency of the host in the field; according to the frequency of optimal codons (FOP), PPV7 has the highest frequency of optimal codons, indicating the most frequently used codons in its genes; and according to the relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI), PPV3 has a higher degree. Therefore, it is determined that mutational stress has a certain impact on the codon usage preference of PPV genes, and natural selection plays a very decisive and dominant role in the codon usage pattern. Our research provides a new perspective on the evolution of porcine parvovirus (PPV) and may help provide a new method for future research on the origin, evolutionary model, and host adaptation of PPV.
Topics: Animals; Bayes Theorem; Codon Usage; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Host Adaptation; Mutation; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Phylogeny; Selection, Genetic; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35215764
DOI: 10.3390/v14020170