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Viruses Jan 2022Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is the main pathogen of reproductive disorders. In recent years, a new type of porcine parvovirus has been discovered and named porcine...
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is the main pathogen of reproductive disorders. In recent years, a new type of porcine parvovirus has been discovered and named porcine parvovirus 2 to 7 (PPV2-PPV7), and it is associated with porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs. Codon usage patterns and their effects on the evolution and host adaptation of different PPV sub-types are still largely unknown. Here, we define six main sub-types based on the Bayesian method of structural proteins of each sub-type of PPV, including PPV2, PPV3, PPV4, PPV5, PPV6, and PPV7, which show different degrees of codon usage preferences. The effective number of codons (ENC) indicates that all PPV sub-types have low codon bias. According to the codon adaptation index (CAI), PPV3 and PPV7 have the highest similarity with the host, which is related to the main popular tendency of the host in the field; according to the frequency of optimal codons (FOP), PPV7 has the highest frequency of optimal codons, indicating the most frequently used codons in its genes; and according to the relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI), PPV3 has a higher degree. Therefore, it is determined that mutational stress has a certain impact on the codon usage preference of PPV genes, and natural selection plays a very decisive and dominant role in the codon usage pattern. Our research provides a new perspective on the evolution of porcine parvovirus (PPV) and may help provide a new method for future research on the origin, evolutionary model, and host adaptation of PPV.
Topics: Animals; Bayes Theorem; Codon Usage; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Host Adaptation; Mutation; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Phylogeny; Selection, Genetic; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35215764
DOI: 10.3390/v14020170 -
Journal of the American Association For... Jan 2022Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV), a newly identified parvovirus of the genus , causes inclusion body nephropathy in severely immunocompromised mice and is prevalent in...
Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV), a newly identified parvovirus of the genus , causes inclusion body nephropathy in severely immunocompromised mice and is prevalent in research mouse colonies. As nonenveloped viruses, mammalian parvoviruses are stable and generally resist thermal inactivation; however, as a novel and highly divergent parvovirus, the thermal stability of MKPV is undefined. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of cage sanitization in a mechanical washer to eliminate MKPV. Cages contaminated by MKPV-infected mice were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) control (bedding change only); 2) sanitization in a tunnel washer (88°C final rinse for 20 s); or 3) sanitization in a tunnel washer followed by autoclave sterilization (121 °C for 20 min). The presence of MKPV on the cage's interior surface was assessed by PCR of cage swab extracts collected before and after cage treatment. After treatment and swabbing, each cage housed 4 MKPV-negative CD1 mice. Each group of naive CD1 mice was assigned to one of the treatment groups and was housed in a cage from this group for two, 1 wk periods. At 12, 17, and 20 wk after the first exposure, renal tissue was collected from 1 test mouse per cage and assessed for MKPV by PCR. MKPV was detected by PCR on the surface of 63% of the pretreatment cages. All cages sanitized in a tunnel washer with or without sterilization were PCR negative after treatment. Seven of 10 mice housed in untreated cages contained a mouse positive for MKPV by 20 wk after exposure. None of the mice housed in cages sanitized in a tunnel washer with or without sterilization tested positive for MKPV at any time point. This study indicates that MKPV contaminated caging can result in MKPV infection of mice, and the use of a tunnel washer at the temperature and duration evaluated was sufficient to remove MKPV nucleic acid and prevent MKPV transmission.
Topics: Animals; Housing, Animal; Kidney; Mice; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Sterilization
PubMed: 34920766
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000096 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Mar 2015Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways.... (Review)
Review
Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways. While some viruses encode proteins, which inhibit the apoptosis or death of the infected cells, there are viruses whose encoded proteins can kill the infected cells by multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis. A particular class of these viruses has specific gene(s) in their genomes which, upon ectopic expression, can kill the tumor cells selectively without affecting the normal cells. These genes and their encoded products have demonstrated great potential to be developed as novel anticancer therapeutic agents which can specifically target and kill the cancer cells leaving the normal cells unharmed. In this review, we will discuss about the viral genes having specific cancer cell killing properties, what is known about their functioning, signaling pathways and their therapeutic applications as anticancer agents.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Apoptosis; Capsid Proteins; Chicken anemia virus; Genes, Viral; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Parvovirus
PubMed: 25408521
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1782-1 -
Journal of Neurovirology Apr 2023Etiology of vestibular schwannoma (VS) is unknown. Viruses can infect and reside in neural tissues for decades, and new viruses with unknown tumorigenic potential have...
Etiology of vestibular schwannoma (VS) is unknown. Viruses can infect and reside in neural tissues for decades, and new viruses with unknown tumorigenic potential have been discovered. The presence of herpesvirus, polyomavirus, parvovirus, and anellovirus DNA was analyzed by quantitative PCR in 46 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded VS samples. Five samples were analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing. Viral DNA was detected altogether in 24/46 (52%) tumor samples, mostly representing anelloviruses (46%). Our findings show frequent persistence of anelloviruses, considered normal virome, in VS. None of the other viruses showed an extensive presence, thereby suggesting insignificant role in VS.
Topics: Humans; Polyomavirus; Anelloviridae; Neuroma, Acoustic; Herpesviridae; Parvovirus; DNA, Viral
PubMed: 36857017
DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01112-8 -
GigaScience Dec 2022With the development of viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing technology, more and more novel parvoviruses have been identified in recent years, including...
With the development of viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing technology, more and more novel parvoviruses have been identified in recent years, including even entirely new lineages. The Parvoviridae family includes a different group of viruses that can infect a wide variety of animals. In this study, systematic analysis was performed to identify the "dark matter" (datasets that cannot be easily attributed to known viruses) of parvoviruses and to explore their genetic diversity from wild birds' cloacal swab samples. We have tentatively defined this parvovirus "dark matter" as a highly divergent lineage in the Parvoviridae family. All parvoviruses showed several characteristics, including 2 major protein-coding genes and similar genome lengths. Moreover, we observed that the novel parvo-like viruses share similar genome organizations to most viruses in Parvoviridae but could not clustered with the established subfamilies in phylogenetic analysis. We also found some new members associated with the Bidnaviridae family, which may be derived from parvovirus. This suggests that systematic analysis of domestic and wild animal samples is necessary to explore the genetic diversity of parvoviruses and to mine for more of this potential dark matter.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Phylogeny; Cloaca; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Birds; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
PubMed: 36734170
DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad001 -
Viruses Oct 2023The XVIII International Parvovirus Workshop took place in Rimini, Italy, from 14 to 17 June 2022 as an on-site event, continuing the series of meetings started in 1985...
The XVIII International Parvovirus Workshop took place in Rimini, Italy, from 14 to 17 June 2022 as an on-site event, continuing the series of meetings started in 1985 and continuously held every two years. The communications dealt with all aspects of research in the field, from evolution and structure to receptors, from replication to trafficking, from virus-host interactions to clinical and veterinarian virology, including translational issues related to viral vectors, gene therapy and oncolytic parvoviruses. The oral communications were complemented by a poster exhibition available for view and discussion during the whole meeting. The XVIII International Parvovirus Workshop was dedicated to the memory of our dearest colleague Mavis Agbandje-McKenna (1963-2021).
Topics: Humans; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Genetic Vectors; Italy
PubMed: 37896906
DOI: 10.3390/v15102129 -
Viruses Mar 2021Three human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus (BuV), tusavirus (TuV) and cutavirus (CuV), have recently been discovered in diarrheal stool. BuV has been associated with...
Three human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus (BuV), tusavirus (TuV) and cutavirus (CuV), have recently been discovered in diarrheal stool. BuV has been associated with diarrhea and CuV with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, but there are hardly any data for TuV or CuV in stool or respiratory samples. Hence, using qPCR and IgG enzyme immunoassays, we analyzed 1072 stool, 316 respiratory and 445 serum or plasma samples from 1098 patients with and without gastroenteritis (GE) or respiratory-tract infections (RTI) from Finland, Latvia and Malawi. The overall CuV-DNA prevalences in stool samples ranged between 0-6.1% among our six patient cohorts. In Finland, CuV DNA was significantly more prevalent in GE patients above rather than below 60 years of age (5.1% vs 0.2%). CuV DNA was more prevalent in stools among Latvian and Malawian children compared with Finnish children. In 10/11 CuV DNA-positive adults and 4/6 CuV DNA-positive children with GE, no known causal pathogens were detected. Interestingly, for the first time, CuV DNA was observed in two nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with RTI and the rare TuV in diarrheal stools of two adults. Our results provide new insights on the occurrence of human protoparvoviruses in GE and RTI in different countries.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; DNA, Viral; Feces; Female; Finland; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Infant; Latvia; Malawi; Male; Middle Aged; Nasopharynx; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Young Adult
PubMed: 33804173
DOI: 10.3390/v13030483 -
Journal of Cardiac Failure Jan 2019
Topics: Biopsy; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Heart Failure; Humans; Parvovirus; Parvovirus B19, Human
PubMed: 30481561
DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2018.11.017 -
Biologicals : Journal of the... Feb 2024Viral clearance steps are routinely included in monoclonal antibody purification processes to safeguard product from potential virus contamination. These steps are often...
Viral clearance steps are routinely included in monoclonal antibody purification processes to safeguard product from potential virus contamination. These steps are often experimentally studied using product-specific feeds and parameters for each project to demonstrate viral clearance capability. However, published evidence suggests that viral clearance capability of many of these steps are not significantly impacted by variations in feed material or process parameter within commonly used ranges. The current investigation confirms robust retrovirus inactivation by low pH treatment and parvovirus removal by second-generation virus filters, independent to individual antibody molecules. Our results also reveal robust retrovirus removal by flowthrough anion exchange chromatography, inside the limits of protein load and host cell protein content. The cumulative viral clearance capability from these steps leads to an excess clearance safety factor of 10,000-fold for endogenous retrovirus-like particles. These results further justify the use of prior knowledge-based modular viral clearance estimation as opposed to repetitive experimentation.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Viruses; Parvovirus; Filtration; Endogenous Retroviruses
PubMed: 38387156
DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101751 -
Viruses Mar 2018Parvoviruses (family ) are small, single-stranded DNA viruses. Many parvoviral pathogens of medical, veterinary and ecological importance have been identified. In this...
Parvoviruses (family ) are small, single-stranded DNA viruses. Many parvoviral pathogens of medical, veterinary and ecological importance have been identified. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to investigate the diversity of parvoviruses infecting wild and domestic animals in Brazil. We identified 21 parvovirus sequences (including twelve nearly complete genomes and nine partial genomes) in samples derived from rodents, bats, opossums, birds and cattle in Pernambuco, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states. These sequences were investigated using phylogenetic and distance-based approaches and were thereby classified into eight parvovirus species (six of which have not been described previously), representing six distinct genera in the subfamily . Our findings extend the known biogeographic range of previously characterized parvovirus species and the known host range of three parvovirus genera (, ). Moreover, our investigation provides a window into the ecological dynamics of parvovirus infections in vertebrates, revealing that many parvovirus genera contain well-defined sub-lineages that circulate widely throughout the world within particular taxonomic groups of hosts.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Biodiversity; Brazil; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Geography, Medical; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Public Health Surveillance; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29565808
DOI: 10.3390/v10040143