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The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2020is a Gram-negative bacterium of the family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis,... (Review)
Review
is a Gram-negative bacterium of the family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX-like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Vaccines; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Poultry; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 31902298
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495 -
Biomaterials Apr 2022Emerging antimicrobial resistance in infections asks for novel intervention strategies. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) might be attractive alternatives to antibiotics...
Emerging antimicrobial resistance in infections asks for novel intervention strategies. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) might be attractive alternatives to antibiotics due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-adhesive properties. Mannheimia haemolytica is one of the major Pasteurellaceae associated with bovine lung infections. Using M. haemolytica, we demonstrated that GOS have the capacity to reduce bacterial viability and can be used as adjuvant to improve antibiotic efficacy. Using M. haemolytica-treated primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) of calves, we identified the anti-adhesive and anti-invasive activities of GOS. The observed inhibition of cytokine/chemokine release and the prevention of airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in M. haemolytica-treated PBECs by GOS might be related to the downregulation of "toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB" pathway and the anti-invasive and anti-adhesive properties of GOS. Particularly, GOS lowered lipopolysaccharides- but not flagellin-induced cytokine/chemokine release in calf and human airway epithelial cells. Finally, we performed in vivo experiments in calves and demonstrated for the first time that intranasal application of GOS can relieve lung infections/inflammation and lower M. haemolytica positivity in the lungs without affecting clinical performance. These findings not only shed light on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of GOS during lung infections, but GOS might also be a promising anti-bacterial agent for preventing (lung) infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cattle; Humans; Lung; Mannheimia haemolytica; Oligosaccharides; Pneumonia
PubMed: 35286857
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121461 -
PloS One 2018Respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurellaceae poses a formidable challenge for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) conservation. All-age...
Respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurellaceae poses a formidable challenge for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) conservation. All-age epizootics can cause 10-90% mortality and are typically followed by multiple years of enzootic disease in lambs that hinders post-epizootic recovery of populations. The relative frequencies at which these epizootics are caused by the introduction of novel pathogens or expression of historic pathogens that have become resident in the populations is unknown. Our primary objectives were to determine how commonly the pathogens associated with respiratory disease are hosted by bighorn sheep populations and assess demographic characteristics of populations with respect to the presence of different pathogens. We sampled 22 bighorn sheep populations across Montana and Wyoming, USA for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurellaceae and used data from management agencies to characterize the disease history and demographics of these populations. We tested for associations between lamb:ewe ratios and the presence of different respiratory pathogen species. All study populations hosted Pasteurellaceae and 17 (77%) hosted Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Average lamb:ewe ratios for individual populations where both Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurellaceae were detected ranged from 0.14 to 0.40. However, average lamb:ewe ratios were higher in populations where Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was not detected (0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.51) than in populations where it was detected (0.25, 95% CI: 0.21-0.30). These findings suggest that respiratory pathogens are commonly hosted by bighorn sheep populations and often reduce recruitment rates; however ecological factors may interact with the pathogens to determine population-level effects. Elucidation of such factors could provide insights for management approaches that alleviate the effects of respiratory pathogens in bighorn sheep. Nevertheless, minimizing the introduction of novel pathogens from domestic sheep and goats remains imperative to bighorn sheep conservation.
Topics: Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae; Pasteurellaceae; Probability; Respiratory System; Sheep, Bighorn
PubMed: 30475861
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207780 -
Veterinary Microbiology Sep 2019Antimicrobial consumption, with bovine respiratory disease as main indication, is higher in the veal calf industry compared to other livestock production branches. The...
Antimicrobial consumption, with bovine respiratory disease as main indication, is higher in the veal calf industry compared to other livestock production branches. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible associations between antimicrobial drug use and resistance in Pasteurellaceae and indicator Escherichia (E.) coli from veal calves under field conditions in a prospective trial. Over a period of one year, nasopharyngeal and rectal swabs were collected from 2587 animals on 12 and 43 farms, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 346 Mannheimia (M.) haemolytica, 1162 Pasteurella (P.) multocida and 2138 E. coli. Drug use was quantified as treatment incidence for each farm based on the used daily dose methodology (TI), separately for group and individual treatments, and for antimicrobial classes. In multivariable mixed logistic regression analyses, risk factors could be identified for reduced susceptibility to certain antimicrobial classes. Group treatment was generally associated with higher rates of not susceptible (NS) M. haemolytica and P. multocida and non-wildtype (non-WT) E. coli. Individual treatment was associated with less NS and non-WT isolates. Age and entry protocol were important confounders with younger animals showing higher rates of NS and non-WT strains. The present findings suggest that, under field conditions, targeted individual treatment of calves can reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance compared to oral group treatment. For the different microorganisms, risk factors for resistance were partially different. This demonstrates that indicator organisms like E. coli do not necessarily reflect the associations observed in respiratory pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Nasopharynx; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Rectum
PubMed: 31500731
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.015 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Mar 2020There are limited data on potential dysbiosis of the airway microbiota in horses with asthma.
BACKGROUND
There are limited data on potential dysbiosis of the airway microbiota in horses with asthma.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
We hypothesized that the respiratory microbiota of horses with moderate asthma is altered. Our objectives were (a) to quantify tracheal bacterial populations using culture and qPCR, (2) to compare aerobic culture and qPCR, and (c) to correlate bacterial populations with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology.
ANIMALS
Eighteen horses with moderate asthma from a hospital population and 10 controls.
METHODS
Prospective case-control study. Aerobic culture was performed on tracheal aspirates, and streptococci, Pasteurella multocida, Chlamydophila spp., Mycoplasma spp., as well as 16S (bacterial) and 18S (fungal) rRNA subunits were quantified by qPCR.
RESULTS
Potential pathogens such as Streptococcus spp., Actinobacillus spp., and Pasteurellaceae were isolated from 8, 5, and 6 horses with asthma and 3, 0, and 2 controls, respectively. There was a positive correlation between Streptococcus spp. DNA and 16S rRNA gene (r ≥ 0.7, P ≤ 0.02 in both groups), but the overall bacterial load (16S) was lower in asthma (1.5 ± 1.3 versus 2.5 ± 0.8 × 10 copy/μL, P < 0.05). There was no association between microbial populations and clinical signs, tracheal mucus or BALF inflammation.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
This study does not support that bacterial overgrowth is a common feature of chronic moderate asthma in horses. Lower bacterial load could suggest dysbiosis of the lower airways, either as a consequence of chronic inflammation or previous treatments, or as a perpetuating factor of inflammation.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Animals; Asthma; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Case-Control Studies; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Pasteurellaceae; Prospective Studies; Streptococcus; Trachea
PubMed: 31985115
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15707 -
The Veterinary Record Feb 2018
Topics: Animals; Antelopes; Hemorrhagic Septicemia; Pasteurella multocida
PubMed: 30970315
DOI: 10.1136/vr.k673 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Aug 2022is a commensal of the respiratory tract that is frequently present in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and may cause infection. Antibiotic resistance is well described...
is a commensal of the respiratory tract that is frequently present in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and may cause infection. Antibiotic resistance is well described for CF strains, and virulence factors have been proposed. The genetic diversity of strains present in the lungs of persons with CF is largely unknown despite the fact that this organism is considered to be a pathogen in this condition. The aim was to establish the genetic diversity and susceptibility of strains from persons with CF, and to screen the whole genomes of these strains for the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants and proposed virulence factors. A total of 67 strains, recovered from respiratory samples from persons with CF from the UK (=1), Poland (=2), Spain (=24) and the Netherlands (=40), were subjected to whole-genome sequencing using Illumina technology and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Forty-nine of these strains (one per different sequence type) were analysed for encoded virulence factors and resistance determinants. The 67 strains represented 49 different sequence types. Susceptibility testing showed that all strains were susceptible to aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, imipenem and tetracycline. Susceptibility to ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, meropenem, clarithromycin, co-trimoxazole and levofloxacin ranged from 70.2-98.5%. Only 6/49 strains (12.2%) harboured acquired resistance genes. Mutations associated with a ß-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant phenotype were present in four strains (8.2 %). The potential virulence factors, urease, haemoglobin- and haptoglobin-binding protein/carbamate kinase, and OmpP5 (OmpA), were encoded in more than half of the strains. The genes for HMW1, HMW2, adhesin, a IgA-specific serine endopeptidase autotransporter precursor, a TonB-dependent siderophore, an ABC-transporter ATP-binding protein, a methyltransferase, a BolA-family transcriptional regulator, glycosyltransferase Lic2B, a helix-turn-helix protein, an aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase and another glycosyltransferase were present in less than half of the strains. The strains showed limited levels of resistance, with the highest being against co-trimoxazole. Sequences encoding a carbamate kinase and a haemoglobin- and haemoglobin-haptoglobin-binding-like protein, a glycosyl transferase and an urease may aid the colonization of the CF lung. The adhesins and other identified putative virulence factors did not seem to be necessary for colonization.
Topics: Cystic Fibrosis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Virulence Factors; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 36006824
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001570 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Aug 2018The aim of the investigation was to investigate the phylogeny of the 49 type strains of species of Pasteurellaceae and three genomospecies, which are available with...
The aim of the investigation was to investigate the phylogeny of the 49 type strains of species of Pasteurellaceae and three genomospecies, which are available with whole genomic sequences. The genomes were downloaded from National Center for Biotechnological Information and for three species of Avibacterium sequenced in the present investigation. From the predicted protein sequences of proteins, which were conserved in all genomes, 31 proteins were randomly selected for the study. The protein sequences were concatenated for each taxon, and a multiple alignment reconstructed for the 52 taxa. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by using the maximum-likelihood and neighbour-joining methods and confirmed the classification of the genera, which have been classified based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The comparison linked [Haemophilus]parainfluezae and [Haemophilus] pittmania with Haemophilus influenzae (type species of genus) although at a much lower level than observed for Haemophilus aegyptius, H. influenzae and Haemophilus haemolyticus. The comparison documented that three, three and nine species of Actinobacillus, Pasteurella and Haemophilus, respectively, are not properly classified at genus level. Similar conclusions have been drawn by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. The highest inter genus pairwise similarity was 88 % based on the comparison of the 31 concatenated protein sequences of the species included in the comparison. The level of intra genus pairwise similarity was also 88 %.
Topics: Actinobacillus; Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Base Sequence; DNA, Bacterial; Haemophilus; Pasteurella; Pasteurellaceae; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 29923825
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002860 -
Animal Health Research Reviews Dec 2015The objective of this paper was to perform a critical review of the literature as it pertains to the current status of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens associated... (Review)
Review
The objective of this paper was to perform a critical review of the literature as it pertains to the current status of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in beef cattle and to provide a concise yet informative narrative on the most relevant publications available. As such, the scientific literature contained in PubMed, AGRICOLA, and CAB were searched in February of 2014 for articles related to susceptibility testing of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni from cases of BRD. Titles and abstracts were read and 105 articles that were relevant to the subject of BRD antibiotic resistance were attained for further review. After the application of exclusion criterion (publications must have originated from North America, be in English, adhere to standards set forth by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and be concerning antimicrobial resistance in BRD in beef cattle), 16 articles remained and are the focus of this publication. Due to the disparate data from the few studies that investigate susceptibility testing of BRD pathogens, a quantitative assessment or meta-analysis was not performed on the studies presented in this review. However, considering diagnostic lab data, there appears to be a clear trend of a decrease in susceptibility of the three major BRD pathogens to the antimicrobials used commonly for treatment and control of BRD. Studies performing sensitivity testing on healthy cattle report much lower resistance, but it remains unclear if this is because of a true lack of resistance mechanisms, or if the isolates do contain quiescent genes for resistance that are only phenotypically expressed following the administration of an antimicrobial for either treatment or control of BRD. Future research to address this question of genotype and phenotypic expression before and after antimicrobial administration will further advance our knowledge in this area.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Mannheimia haemolytica; North America; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurellaceae; Phenotype
PubMed: 26373635
DOI: 10.1017/S146625231500016X -
The European Respiratory Journal Oct 2021
Topics: Haemophilus; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
PubMed: 34649972
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02143-2021